Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and Switzerland
The ability to write argumentative essays is an important requirement in EFL curricula in Germany and Switzerland, with grammar and lexis serving as indispensable elements of this task. The literature shows that acquiring advanced grammatical and lexical skills is challenging for students, especiall...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Education |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1605658/full |
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| author | Flavio Lötscher Ruth Trüb Julian Lohmann Jens Möller Thorben Jansen Stefan Daniel Keller |
| author_facet | Flavio Lötscher Ruth Trüb Julian Lohmann Jens Möller Thorben Jansen Stefan Daniel Keller |
| author_sort | Flavio Lötscher |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ability to write argumentative essays is an important requirement in EFL curricula in Germany and Switzerland, with grammar and lexis serving as indispensable elements of this task. The literature shows that acquiring advanced grammatical and lexical skills is challenging for students, especially genre-specific lexical abilities. In this longitudinal study, we investigate how grammatical and lexical skills develop in two educational systems among learners at upper secondary schools (operationalized as number of grammatical and lexical errors). Based on texts from n = 470 learners at two time points at the beginning and end of Year 11, it shows that learners in both countries made more lexical than grammatical errors (partial η2 = .17). There were no differences between the countries. Longitudinal analyses revealed moderate positive developments in both grammatical and lexical skills over the course of one school year (partial η2 = .08). The study confirms the importance of vocabulary for advanced L2 writers, which seems to pose a larger challenge than grammar and warrants special attention in EFL writing at upper secondary school. Implications for teacher education and classroom practice such as the emulation of model texts are discussed, with a focus on lexical chunks typical of argumentative writing. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d66b6e2ee95845fb99b6e5260cb0b53e |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2504-284X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Education |
| spelling | doaj-art-d66b6e2ee95845fb99b6e5260cb0b53e2025-08-01T05:32:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Education2504-284X2025-08-011010.3389/feduc.2025.16056581605658Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and SwitzerlandFlavio Lötscher0Ruth Trüb1Julian Lohmann2Jens Möller3Thorben Jansen4Stefan Daniel Keller5Zurich University of Teacher Education, Zürich, SwitzerlandUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, SwitzerlandLeibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, GermanyKiel University, Institute for Psychology of Learning and Instruction, Kiel, GermanyLeibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, GermanyZurich University of Teacher Education, Zürich, SwitzerlandThe ability to write argumentative essays is an important requirement in EFL curricula in Germany and Switzerland, with grammar and lexis serving as indispensable elements of this task. The literature shows that acquiring advanced grammatical and lexical skills is challenging for students, especially genre-specific lexical abilities. In this longitudinal study, we investigate how grammatical and lexical skills develop in two educational systems among learners at upper secondary schools (operationalized as number of grammatical and lexical errors). Based on texts from n = 470 learners at two time points at the beginning and end of Year 11, it shows that learners in both countries made more lexical than grammatical errors (partial η2 = .17). There were no differences between the countries. Longitudinal analyses revealed moderate positive developments in both grammatical and lexical skills over the course of one school year (partial η2 = .08). The study confirms the importance of vocabulary for advanced L2 writers, which seems to pose a larger challenge than grammar and warrants special attention in EFL writing at upper secondary school. Implications for teacher education and classroom practice such as the emulation of model texts are discussed, with a focus on lexical chunks typical of argumentative writing.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1605658/fullEnglish as a foreign languagelongitudinal studyupper secondary schoolargumentative essaygrammatical skillslexical skills |
| spellingShingle | Flavio Lötscher Ruth Trüb Julian Lohmann Jens Möller Thorben Jansen Stefan Daniel Keller Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and Switzerland Frontiers in Education English as a foreign language longitudinal study upper secondary school argumentative essay grammatical skills lexical skills |
| title | Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and Switzerland |
| title_full | Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and Switzerland |
| title_fullStr | Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and Switzerland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and Switzerland |
| title_short | Development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative EFL writing at upper secondary level in Germany and Switzerland |
| title_sort | development of grammatical and lexical skills in argumentative efl writing at upper secondary level in germany and switzerland |
| topic | English as a foreign language longitudinal study upper secondary school argumentative essay grammatical skills lexical skills |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1605658/full |
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