Multiaxial rotational loading compromises the transition zone of the intervertebral disc: Ex vivo study using next‐generation bioreactors

Abstract Bioreactors have become indispensable tools in spine research, enabling long‐term intervertebral disc culture under controlled biological and mechanical conditions. Conventional systems are often limited to uniaxial loading, restricting their ability to replicate the complex, multidirection...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Amra Šećerović, Aapo Ristaniemi, Francesco Crivelli, Sarah Heub, Mauro Alini, Gilles Weder, Diane Ledroit, Stephen J. Ferguson, Sibylle Grad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-07-01
Series:Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/btm2.70033
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