Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>)
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity and residual functional compounds of blood orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) juice by-product extract (BJBE). The effects of dietary BJBE on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, immune parameters, and d...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Ahyeong Yun Hwa Yong Oh Tae Hoon Lee Da Ye Kang Ki-Tae Kim Hyun-Soo Kim Hee Sung Kim |
| author_facet | Ahyeong Yun Hwa Yong Oh Tae Hoon Lee Da Ye Kang Ki-Tae Kim Hyun-Soo Kim Hee Sung Kim |
| author_sort | Ahyeong Yun |
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| description | This study evaluated the antibacterial activity and residual functional compounds of blood orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) juice by-product extract (BJBE). The effects of dietary BJBE on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, immune parameters, and disease resistance against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> were examined in juvenile black rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>). In total, 630 juvenile rockfish were randomly assigned to 21 rectangular tanks (50 L) for a feeding trial, with 30 fish per tank in triplicate. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated with BJBE at 0 (control, BJBE0), 0.1 (BJBE0.1), 0.2 (BJBE0.2), 0.3 (BJBE0.3), 0.5 (BJBE0.5), 0.7 (BJBE0.7), and 1.0 (BJBE1) g kg<sup>−1</sup>. A disk diffusion assay confirmed BJBE’s strong antibacterial efficacy against <i>V</i>. <i>harveyi</i>. After an 8-week feeding trial, fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 exhibited significantly a greater final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate compared with those fed BJBE0. Feed efficiency was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.7 than in those fed BJBE0. The protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.3, BJBE0.5, BJBE0.7, and BJBE1 relative to those fed BJBE0. Intestinal amylase activity was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 compared with those fed BJBE0, and trypsin activity was significantly higher in BJBE0.7-fed fish than in BJBE0-fed fish. In comparison to the BJBE0 diet, the plasma superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels of fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 diets were significantly higher. Lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin M level in fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 were significantly higher than that in fish fed BJBE0. After a challenge with <i>V</i>. <i>harveyi</i>, disease resistance was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.5, BJBE0.7, and BJBE1 compared with those fed BJBE0. Overall, 0.7–1.0 g kg<sup>−1</sup> is proposed as the optimal dietary BJBE inclusion level for enhancing growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, immune parameters, and disease resistance against <i>V</i>. <i>harveyi</i> infection in juvenile black rockfish. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-a3a1681db1a04cb8940d201b68c01bd52025-06-25T13:23:42ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-06-0114674510.3390/antiox14060745Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>)Ahyeong Yun0Hwa Yong Oh1Tae Hoon Lee2Da Ye Kang3Ki-Tae Kim4Hyun-Soo Kim5Hee Sung Kim6Ocean Science and Technology School, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaSoutheast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53017, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of KoreaThis study evaluated the antibacterial activity and residual functional compounds of blood orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) juice by-product extract (BJBE). The effects of dietary BJBE on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, immune parameters, and disease resistance against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> were examined in juvenile black rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>). In total, 630 juvenile rockfish were randomly assigned to 21 rectangular tanks (50 L) for a feeding trial, with 30 fish per tank in triplicate. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated with BJBE at 0 (control, BJBE0), 0.1 (BJBE0.1), 0.2 (BJBE0.2), 0.3 (BJBE0.3), 0.5 (BJBE0.5), 0.7 (BJBE0.7), and 1.0 (BJBE1) g kg<sup>−1</sup>. A disk diffusion assay confirmed BJBE’s strong antibacterial efficacy against <i>V</i>. <i>harveyi</i>. After an 8-week feeding trial, fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 exhibited significantly a greater final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate compared with those fed BJBE0. Feed efficiency was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.7 than in those fed BJBE0. The protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.3, BJBE0.5, BJBE0.7, and BJBE1 relative to those fed BJBE0. Intestinal amylase activity was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 compared with those fed BJBE0, and trypsin activity was significantly higher in BJBE0.7-fed fish than in BJBE0-fed fish. In comparison to the BJBE0 diet, the plasma superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels of fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 diets were significantly higher. Lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin M level in fish fed BJBE0.7 and BJBE1 were significantly higher than that in fish fed BJBE0. After a challenge with <i>V</i>. <i>harveyi</i>, disease resistance was significantly higher in fish fed BJBE0.5, BJBE0.7, and BJBE1 compared with those fed BJBE0. Overall, 0.7–1.0 g kg<sup>−1</sup> is proposed as the optimal dietary BJBE inclusion level for enhancing growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, immune parameters, and disease resistance against <i>V</i>. <i>harveyi</i> infection in juvenile black rockfish.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/745<i>Citrus sinensis</i>by-productsgrowth performancehealth statusdisease resistance<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i> |
| spellingShingle | Ahyeong Yun Hwa Yong Oh Tae Hoon Lee Da Ye Kang Ki-Tae Kim Hyun-Soo Kim Hee Sung Kim Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) Antioxidants <i>Citrus sinensis</i> by-products growth performance health status disease resistance <i>Sebastes schlegelii</i> |
| title | Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) |
| title_full | Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) |
| title_short | Blood Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) Juice By-Product Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Effects on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Status, Immune Parameters, and Disease Resistance Against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> in Juvenile Black Rockfish (<i>Sebastes schlegelii</i>) |
| title_sort | blood orange i citrus sinensis i l osbeck juice by product extract as a functional feed additive effects on growth performance digestive enzyme activity antioxidant status immune parameters and disease resistance against i vibrio harveyi i in juvenile black rockfish i sebastes schlegelii i |
| topic | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> by-products growth performance health status disease resistance <i>Sebastes schlegelii</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/745 |
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