Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Pathology in a Common Shorebird Species (Sanderling; <i>Calidris alba</i>) in Virginia, USA

Anseriformes (waterfowl) and Charadriiformes (shorebirds) are well-recognized natural reservoirs of low pathogenic (LP) influenza A viruses (IAVs). Historically, LP IAVs circulate among healthy individuals during seasonal, and often transcontinental, migrations. However, following the introduction o...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Victoria A. Andreasen, Emily G. Phillips, Aidan M. O’Reilly, C. Robert Stilz, Rebecca L. Poulson, Ruth Boettcher, John K. Tracey, Nicole M. Nemeth
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:	Animals
Subjects:	shorebird pathology viral disease morbidity mortality outbreak
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/14/2057
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Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Pathology in a Common Shorebird Species (Sanderling; <i>Calidris alba</i>) in Virginia, USA

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