An Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm via Angle Penalized Distance for Automatic Train Operation

This study proposes a novel effective improved whale optimization algorithm via angle penalized distance (IWOA-APD) for automatic train operation (ATO) to effectively improve the ATO quality. Specifically, aiming at the high-quality target speed curve of urban rail trains, a target speed curve multi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Longda Wang, Yanjie Ju, Long Guo, Gang Liu, Chunlin Li, Yan Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Biomimetics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/6/384
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