Investigation of early-stage cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome on retinal structure and function evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography

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Investigation of early-stage cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome on retinal structure and function evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography

BackgroundThe retina serves as a non-invasive window to visualize systemic health, with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) enabling simultaneous assessment of retinal structural thickness and vascular density. Suboptimal cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health status, defined by th...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Yunyi Liang, Congbi Liang, Jianping Yang, Wanhua Li, Runyi Liang, Kun Li, Jingfeng Zhang, Peiqiong Lao, Junhua Zhu, Lin An, Zhaohao Liang, Chubin Ou
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:	Frontiers in Medicine
Subjects:	cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome optical coherence tomography angiography biomarker retinal thickness vessel density (VD)
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1614321/full
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