Method for Observing SMOKing and vaping bEhaviours (MOSMOKE): development and validation of a systematic observation tool

Objective Policies and interventions increasingly aim to reduce smoking in outdoor public spaces, but evidence on factors influencing smoking in specific locations remains limited. Systematic observation can unobtrusively assess behaviours in environmental contexts, reducing biases from self-report....

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: David P French, Arbaz Kapadi, Jack S Benton, Sofia Berg, Neil Bendel, Julie Jerram
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMJ Publishing Group 2025-07-01
Series:BMJ Open
Online Access:https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/7/e105510.full
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