Assessing biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens associated with combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products: a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThere is growing global concern about the emissions of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) associated with electronic cigarette (EC) and heated tobacco product (HTP) use. This systematic review evaluates biomarkers of exposure (BoEs) for carcinogens in individuals who sw...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yue Cao, Lin Zhang, Mengqi Yang, Jiaxuan Li, Xi Chen, Fangzhen Zheng, Jianqiang Zhang, Xiao Xu, Xiaona Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Pharmacology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1630961/full
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