Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm
The continuous demand for faster processing systems, driven by the rise of artificial intelligence, has exposed limitations in traditional transistor-based electronics, including quantum tunneling, heat dissipation, and switching delays due to challenges in further miniaturization. This study explor...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Photonics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/6/576 |
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| author | Alireza Mohammadi Fariborz Parandin Pouya Karami Saeed Olyaee |
| author_facet | Alireza Mohammadi Fariborz Parandin Pouya Karami Saeed Olyaee |
| author_sort | Alireza Mohammadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The continuous demand for faster processing systems, driven by the rise of artificial intelligence, has exposed limitations in traditional transistor-based electronics, including quantum tunneling, heat dissipation, and switching delays due to challenges in further miniaturization. This study explores optical systems as a promising alternative, leveraging the speed of photons over electrons. Specifically, we design and simulate optical NAND and NOR logic gates using a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a square lattice. Symmetrical waveguides are used for the input paths to make the structure relatively more straightforward to fabricate. A key innovation is the ability to realize both gates within a single structure by adjusting the phases of the input sources. To optimize the phase parameters efficiently, we employ the ML-FOLD (Meta-Learning and Formula Optimization for Logic Design) optimization formula, which outperforms traditional methods and machine learning approaches in terms of computational efficiency and data requirements. Through finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, the proposed optical structure demonstrates successful implementation of NAND and NOR gate logic, achieving high contrast ratios of 4.2 dB and 4.8 dB, respectively. The results validate the effectiveness of the ML-FOLD method in identifying optimal configurations, offering a streamlined approach for the design of all-optical logic devices. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f9373f1226e94874b2ffa25c3e6a9f5a |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2304-6732 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Photonics |
| spelling | doaj-art-f9373f1226e94874b2ffa25c3e6a9f5a2025-06-25T14:19:09ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322025-06-0112657610.3390/photonics12060576Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD AlgorithmAlireza Mohammadi0Fariborz Parandin1Pouya Karami2Saeed Olyaee3Department of Computer Engineering, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 6718997551, IranDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 6718997551, IranDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 6718997551, IranNano-Photonics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratory (NORLab), Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (SRTTU), Lavizan, Tehran 1678815811, IranThe continuous demand for faster processing systems, driven by the rise of artificial intelligence, has exposed limitations in traditional transistor-based electronics, including quantum tunneling, heat dissipation, and switching delays due to challenges in further miniaturization. This study explores optical systems as a promising alternative, leveraging the speed of photons over electrons. Specifically, we design and simulate optical NAND and NOR logic gates using a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a square lattice. Symmetrical waveguides are used for the input paths to make the structure relatively more straightforward to fabricate. A key innovation is the ability to realize both gates within a single structure by adjusting the phases of the input sources. To optimize the phase parameters efficiently, we employ the ML-FOLD (Meta-Learning and Formula Optimization for Logic Design) optimization formula, which outperforms traditional methods and machine learning approaches in terms of computational efficiency and data requirements. Through finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, the proposed optical structure demonstrates successful implementation of NAND and NOR gate logic, achieving high contrast ratios of 4.2 dB and 4.8 dB, respectively. The results validate the effectiveness of the ML-FOLD method in identifying optimal configurations, offering a streamlined approach for the design of all-optical logic devices.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/6/576photonic crystalsoptical logic gatesNAND gateNOR gatephase optimizationML-FOLD algorithm |
| spellingShingle | Alireza Mohammadi Fariborz Parandin Pouya Karami Saeed Olyaee Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm Photonics photonic crystals optical logic gates NAND gate NOR gate phase optimization ML-FOLD algorithm |
| title | Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm |
| title_full | Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm |
| title_fullStr | Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm |
| title_short | Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm |
| title_sort | design and optimization of optical nand and nor gates using photonic crystals and the ml fold algorithm |
| topic | photonic crystals optical logic gates NAND gate NOR gate phase optimization ML-FOLD algorithm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/6/576 |
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