Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the limitations of parenteral vaccines in preventing viral transmission, largely due to their failure to elicit robust mucosal immunity. <b>Methods</b>: Here, we evaluated an intranasal (IN) vac...
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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Series: | Vaccines |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/7/772 |
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