Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the limitations of parenteral vaccines in preventing viral transmission, largely due to their failure to elicit robust mucosal immunity. <b>Methods</b>: Here, we evaluated an intranasal (IN) vac...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/7/772 |
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| author | Raul Ramos Pupo Laura M. Reyes Diaz Gisela M. Suarez Formigo Yusnaby Borrego Gonzalez Miriam Lastre Gonzalez Danay Saavedra Hernandez Tania Crombet Ramos Belinda Sanchez Ramirez Roberto Grau Niels Hellings Piet Stinissen Oliver Perez Jeroen F. J. Bogie |
| author_facet | Raul Ramos Pupo Laura M. Reyes Diaz Gisela M. Suarez Formigo Yusnaby Borrego Gonzalez Miriam Lastre Gonzalez Danay Saavedra Hernandez Tania Crombet Ramos Belinda Sanchez Ramirez Roberto Grau Niels Hellings Piet Stinissen Oliver Perez Jeroen F. J. Bogie |
| author_sort | Raul Ramos Pupo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the limitations of parenteral vaccines in preventing viral transmission, largely due to their failure to elicit robust mucosal immunity. <b>Methods</b>: Here, we evaluated an intranasal (IN) vaccine formulation consisting of recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) adsorbed onto human probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> DG101 spores. <b>Results</b>: In BALB/c mice, IN spore-RBD immunization induced strong systemic and mucosal humoral responses, including elevated specific IgG, IgM, and IgA levels in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and saliva. It further promoted mucosal B cell and T cell memory, along with a Th1/Tc1-skewed T cell response, characterized by increased IFN-γ-expressing CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the lungs. <b>Conclusions</b>: All in all, these findings highlight the potential of intranasal vaccines adjuvanted with probiotic <i>B. subtilis</i> spores in inducing sterilizing immunity and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f522b5fc092c4a579b40d9c583a0a8d0 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-f522b5fc092c4a579b40d9c583a0a8d02025-07-25T13:38:30ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2025-07-0113777210.3390/vaccines13070772Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal ImmunityRaul Ramos Pupo0Laura M. Reyes Diaz1Gisela M. Suarez Formigo2Yusnaby Borrego Gonzalez3Miriam Lastre Gonzalez4Danay Saavedra Hernandez5Tania Crombet Ramos6Belinda Sanchez Ramirez7Roberto Grau8Niels Hellings9Piet Stinissen10Oliver Perez11Jeroen F. J. Bogie12Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas “Victoria de Girón”, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Havana 11300, CubaInstituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas “Victoria de Girón”, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Havana 11300, CubaCenter of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11300, CubaInstituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas “Victoria de Girón”, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Havana 11300, CubaInstituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas “Victoria de Girón”, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Havana 11300, CubaCenter of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11300, CubaCenter of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11300, CubaCenter of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11300, CubaBiotechnology Department, Kyojin S.A., Rosario 2000, ArgentinaDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, BelgiumDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, BelgiumInstituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas “Victoria de Girón”, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Havana 11300, CubaDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium<b>Background/Objectives</b>: The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the limitations of parenteral vaccines in preventing viral transmission, largely due to their failure to elicit robust mucosal immunity. <b>Methods</b>: Here, we evaluated an intranasal (IN) vaccine formulation consisting of recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) adsorbed onto human probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> DG101 spores. <b>Results</b>: In BALB/c mice, IN spore-RBD immunization induced strong systemic and mucosal humoral responses, including elevated specific IgG, IgM, and IgA levels in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and saliva. It further promoted mucosal B cell and T cell memory, along with a Th1/Tc1-skewed T cell response, characterized by increased IFN-γ-expressing CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the lungs. <b>Conclusions</b>: All in all, these findings highlight the potential of intranasal vaccines adjuvanted with probiotic <i>B. subtilis</i> spores in inducing sterilizing immunity and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/7/772COVID-19mucosal vaccination<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> sporessystemic and mucosal immunity |
| spellingShingle | Raul Ramos Pupo Laura M. Reyes Diaz Gisela M. Suarez Formigo Yusnaby Borrego Gonzalez Miriam Lastre Gonzalez Danay Saavedra Hernandez Tania Crombet Ramos Belinda Sanchez Ramirez Roberto Grau Niels Hellings Piet Stinissen Oliver Perez Jeroen F. J. Bogie Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity Vaccines COVID-19 mucosal vaccination <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> spores systemic and mucosal immunity |
| title | Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity |
| title_full | Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity |
| title_fullStr | Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity |
| title_short | Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity |
| title_sort | mucosal vaccination against sars cov 2 using human probiotic i bacillus subtilis i spores as an adjuvant induces potent systemic and mucosal immunity |
| topic | COVID-19 mucosal vaccination <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> spores systemic and mucosal immunity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/7/772 |
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