Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8
In the week including Mother’s Day 2024, active region (AR) 13664 became superactive when AR 13668 emerged nearby, causing multiple X-class flares and coronal mass ejections, and an increase in activity level similar to that inferred from geomagnetic storms associated with the historic 1859 events....
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/addd09 |
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| author | Mausumi Dikpati Marianna B. Korsós Aimee A. Norton Breno Raphaldini Kiran Jain Scott W. McIntosh Peter A. Gilman Andre S. W. Teruya Nour E. Raouafi |
| author_facet | Mausumi Dikpati Marianna B. Korsós Aimee A. Norton Breno Raphaldini Kiran Jain Scott W. McIntosh Peter A. Gilman Andre S. W. Teruya Nour E. Raouafi |
| author_sort | Mausumi Dikpati |
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| description | In the week including Mother’s Day 2024, active region (AR) 13664 became superactive when AR 13668 emerged nearby, causing multiple X-class flares and coronal mass ejections, and an increase in activity level similar to that inferred from geomagnetic storms associated with the historic 1859 events. By analyzing both global warped toroids on which the active regions are strung, and active-region-scale magnetic flux and helicity, we find (i) the north and south toroids have nearly identical warped patterns, with mostly longitudinal wave numbers m = 1–3; (ii) in three longitude intervals the north and south toroids were tipped away from each other in latitude, with a longitude phase shift between them, creating locations most prone to AR eruptions; (iii) on an active region scale, vector magnetic fields deviate far from potential fields, and therefore contain large amounts of magnetic “free energy” available for conversion into kinetic energy and high-temperature radiation; (iv) the positive and negative polarities converge toward each other, facilitating reconnection and magnetic energy release; and (v) rapid changes in magnetic helicity, caused by helicity injection from below that creates helicity imbalances. Despite the coarser resolution of GONG magnetograms, the derived global toroids are strikingly similar to those derived from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We conclude that the Mother’s Day superstorms were caused by enhanced magnetic complexity occurring due to intricate interactions among multiple active regions emerging at nearly the same locations. This suggests that predicting the locations of magnetically complex active regions, and studying and tracking their eruptive states using different proxy parameters can greatly improve our ability to forecast intense storms, not only hours but potentially weeks in advance. |
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| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-f4a8416c3ff44d0fbfaafd2f842bafba2025-07-17T06:54:05ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01988110810.3847/1538-4357/addd09Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8Mausumi Dikpati0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-0488Marianna B. Korsós1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-4798Aimee A. Norton2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2622-7310Breno Raphaldini3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-9746Kiran Jain4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-1639Scott W. McIntosh5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-1776Peter A. Gilman6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-6252Andre S. W. Teruya7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5113-7937Nour E. Raouafi8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-3742High Altitude Observatory , NSF-NCAR, 3080 Center Green Drive, Boulder, CO 80301, USA ; dikpati@ucar.eduSchool of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sheffield , Amy Johnson Building, Portobello Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK; Department of Astronomy, Eötvös Loránd University , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Solar Physics Foundation , Petőfi tér 3, H-5700 Gyula, HungaryHansen Experimental Physics Laboratory , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-4085, USAHigh Altitude Observatory , NSF-NCAR, 3080 Center Green Drive, Boulder, CO 80301, USA ; dikpati@ucar.edu; Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, BrazilNational Solar Observatory , 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, USALynker Space , Boulder, CO 80301, USAHigh Altitude Observatory , NSF-NCAR, 3080 Center Green Drive, Boulder, CO 80301, USA ; dikpati@ucar.eduInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, BrazilJohns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory , Space Exploration Sector, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723-6099, USAIn the week including Mother’s Day 2024, active region (AR) 13664 became superactive when AR 13668 emerged nearby, causing multiple X-class flares and coronal mass ejections, and an increase in activity level similar to that inferred from geomagnetic storms associated with the historic 1859 events. By analyzing both global warped toroids on which the active regions are strung, and active-region-scale magnetic flux and helicity, we find (i) the north and south toroids have nearly identical warped patterns, with mostly longitudinal wave numbers m = 1–3; (ii) in three longitude intervals the north and south toroids were tipped away from each other in latitude, with a longitude phase shift between them, creating locations most prone to AR eruptions; (iii) on an active region scale, vector magnetic fields deviate far from potential fields, and therefore contain large amounts of magnetic “free energy” available for conversion into kinetic energy and high-temperature radiation; (iv) the positive and negative polarities converge toward each other, facilitating reconnection and magnetic energy release; and (v) rapid changes in magnetic helicity, caused by helicity injection from below that creates helicity imbalances. Despite the coarser resolution of GONG magnetograms, the derived global toroids are strikingly similar to those derived from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We conclude that the Mother’s Day superstorms were caused by enhanced magnetic complexity occurring due to intricate interactions among multiple active regions emerging at nearly the same locations. This suggests that predicting the locations of magnetically complex active regions, and studying and tracking their eruptive states using different proxy parameters can greatly improve our ability to forecast intense storms, not only hours but potentially weeks in advance.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/addd09Solar active regionsSolar flaresSolar activity |
| spellingShingle | Mausumi Dikpati Marianna B. Korsós Aimee A. Norton Breno Raphaldini Kiran Jain Scott W. McIntosh Peter A. Gilman Andre S. W. Teruya Nour E. Raouafi Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8 The Astrophysical Journal Solar active regions Solar flares Solar activity |
| title | Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8 |
| title_full | Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8 |
| title_fullStr | Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8 |
| title_short | Mother’s Day Superstorms: Pre- and Post-storm Evolutionary Patterns of ARs 13664/8 |
| title_sort | mother s day superstorms pre and post storm evolutionary patterns of ars 13664 8 |
| topic | Solar active regions Solar flares Solar activity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/addd09 |
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