Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics Approach
Citral, an organic compound found in lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>) oil and <i>Litsea cubeba</i> essential oil, has been reported to exhibit notable antifungal activity against <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> (<i>M. oryzae</i>), the pathogen of rice...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Yonghui Huang Ruoruo Wang Yumei Tan Yongxiang Liu Xiyi Ren Congtao Guo Rongyu Li Ming Li |
| author_facet | Yonghui Huang Ruoruo Wang Yumei Tan Yongxiang Liu Xiyi Ren Congtao Guo Rongyu Li Ming Li |
| author_sort | Yonghui Huang |
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| description | Citral, an organic compound found in lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>) oil and <i>Litsea cubeba</i> essential oil, has been reported to exhibit notable antifungal activity against <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> (<i>M. oryzae</i>), the pathogen of rice blast, which causes significant economic losses in rice production. However, the role of citral in inducing oxidative stress related to antifungal ability and its underlying regulatory networks in <i>M. oryzae</i> remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the oxidative effects of citral on <i>M. oryzae</i> and conducted transcriptomic and widely targeted metabolomic (WTM) analyses on the mycelia. The results showed that citral induced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities but reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with 25% maximal effective concentration (EC<sub>25</sub>) and 75% maximal effective concentration (EC<sub>75</sub>). Importantly, citral at EC<sub>75</sub> reduced the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, complex III and ATP content, while increasing the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II. In addition, citral triggered a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) through the observation of fluorescence. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis and metabolomics analysis identified a total of 466 differentially expression genes (DEGs) and 32 differential metabolites (DAMs) after the mycelia were treated with citral. The following multi-omics analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways centered on AsA, GSH and melatonin were obviously suppressed by citral, indicating a disrupted redox equilibrium in the cell. These findings provide further evidences supporting the antifungal activity of citral and offer new insights into the response of <i>M. oryzae</i> under oxidative stress induced by citral. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-ec8dc20c49eb4dcb8a5d68e4cba2080c2025-07-11T14:41:56ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-06-011413200110.3390/plants14132001Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics ApproachYonghui Huang0Ruoruo Wang1Yumei Tan2Yongxiang Liu3Xiyi Ren4Congtao Guo5Rongyu Li6Ming Li7Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, ChinaGuizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, ChinaGuizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, ChinaGuizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, ChinaGuizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, ChinaGuizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, ChinaInstitute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaInstitute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaCitral, an organic compound found in lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>) oil and <i>Litsea cubeba</i> essential oil, has been reported to exhibit notable antifungal activity against <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> (<i>M. oryzae</i>), the pathogen of rice blast, which causes significant economic losses in rice production. However, the role of citral in inducing oxidative stress related to antifungal ability and its underlying regulatory networks in <i>M. oryzae</i> remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the oxidative effects of citral on <i>M. oryzae</i> and conducted transcriptomic and widely targeted metabolomic (WTM) analyses on the mycelia. The results showed that citral induced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities but reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with 25% maximal effective concentration (EC<sub>25</sub>) and 75% maximal effective concentration (EC<sub>75</sub>). Importantly, citral at EC<sub>75</sub> reduced the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, complex III and ATP content, while increasing the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II. In addition, citral triggered a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) through the observation of fluorescence. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis and metabolomics analysis identified a total of 466 differentially expression genes (DEGs) and 32 differential metabolites (DAMs) after the mycelia were treated with citral. The following multi-omics analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways centered on AsA, GSH and melatonin were obviously suppressed by citral, indicating a disrupted redox equilibrium in the cell. These findings provide further evidences supporting the antifungal activity of citral and offer new insights into the response of <i>M. oryzae</i> under oxidative stress induced by citral.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/13/2001citral<i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>antifungal activityoxidative stresswidely-targeted metabolometranscriptome |
| spellingShingle | Yonghui Huang Ruoruo Wang Yumei Tan Yongxiang Liu Xiyi Ren Congtao Guo Rongyu Li Ming Li Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics Approach Plants citral <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> antifungal activity oxidative stress widely-targeted metabolome transcriptome |
| title | Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics Approach |
| title_full | Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics Approach |
| title_fullStr | Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics Approach |
| title_short | Investigating the Mechanisms Underlying Citral-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Contribution to Antifungal Efficacy on <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Through a Multi-Omics Approach |
| title_sort | investigating the mechanisms underlying citral induced oxidative stress and its contribution to antifungal efficacy on i magnaporthe oryzae i through a multi omics approach |
| topic | citral <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> antifungal activity oxidative stress widely-targeted metabolome transcriptome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/13/2001 |
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