Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River Delta
Cadmium and petroleum are the main pollutants in coastal wetland ecosystems that affect plant nutrient balance and growth. Scholars have discovered how saline plants adapt to single stresses. How plant ecology and physiology correspond to complex cadmium and petroleum pollution, especially regarding...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Shuo Li Haidong Xu Hui Ye Cheng Chang Jinxiang Zhao Jiangbao Xia |
| author_facet | Shuo Li Haidong Xu Hui Ye Cheng Chang Jinxiang Zhao Jiangbao Xia |
| author_sort | Shuo Li |
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| description | Cadmium and petroleum are the main pollutants in coastal wetland ecosystems that affect plant nutrient balance and growth. Scholars have discovered how saline plants adapt to single stresses. How plant ecology and physiology correspond to complex cadmium and petroleum pollution, especially regarding the pollution impacts on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry and biomass allocation in coastal wetland plants, remains unclear, limiting their application in regard to pollution remediation. This study focuses on <i>Suaeda salsa</i>, a popular species used in vegetation restoration in the Yellow River Delta’s coastal wetlands. Through the use of pot experiments, the dynamic changes in plant–soil ecological stoichiometry and biomass allocation were systematically investigated in response to individual and combined cadmium (0, 5, and 10 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) and petroleum (0, 6, and 12 g kg<sup>−1</sup>) treatments. Compared with the control (CK), petroleum stress significantly increased the total nitrogen (TN) and plant total phosphorus (TP) contents, but did not substantially impact the total carbon (TC) content, resulting in 19.7% and 26.6% decreases in the plant C/N and C/P ratios, respectively. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased significantly under petroleum stress, whereas the TN and TP contents did not notably change, considerably increasing the soil C/N and C/P ratios, which were 1.5 times and 1.3 times greater than those of the CK, respectively. Cadmium stress alone or with petroleum stress did not significantly affect the C, N, or P stoichiometry or biomass allocation in <i>S. salsa</i>. The soil C/N/P stoichiometry redundancy analysis revealed that the contribution rates (especially the soil C/P and C/N ratios) to the total biomass and its allocation in <i>S. salsa</i> (64.5%) were greater than those of the control group plants (35.5%). The correlation analysis revealed that the total growth biomass of <i>S. salsa</i> was negatively correlated with the soil carbon content, C/N ratio, and C/P ratio, but positively correlated with the plant C/N and C/P ratios. The aboveground biomass proportion in <i>S. salsa</i> was significantly negatively correlated with the soil N/P ratio. The belowground biomass proportion exhibited the opposite trend. Petroleum pollution was the main factor driving <i>S. salsa</i> stoichiometry and growth changes, increasing the soil C/N and C/P ratios, reducing the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient absorption capacities in plant roots, limiting plant nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and inhibiting biomass accumulation. Appropriate N and P supplementation alleviated plant growth inhibition due to petroleum pollution stress, which was conducive to improving vegetation ecological restoration in the Yellow River Delta. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e8ca52f34b5446f2b54e7798c7d35b022025-06-25T13:30:34ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372025-06-0114667310.3390/biology14060673Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River DeltaShuo Li0Haidong Xu1Hui Ye2Cheng Chang3Jinxiang Zhao4Jiangbao Xia5Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, ChinaBinzhou Hydrographic Bureau, Binzhou 256609, ChinaBinzhou Hydrographic Bureau, Binzhou 256609, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, ChinaCadmium and petroleum are the main pollutants in coastal wetland ecosystems that affect plant nutrient balance and growth. Scholars have discovered how saline plants adapt to single stresses. How plant ecology and physiology correspond to complex cadmium and petroleum pollution, especially regarding the pollution impacts on carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry and biomass allocation in coastal wetland plants, remains unclear, limiting their application in regard to pollution remediation. This study focuses on <i>Suaeda salsa</i>, a popular species used in vegetation restoration in the Yellow River Delta’s coastal wetlands. Through the use of pot experiments, the dynamic changes in plant–soil ecological stoichiometry and biomass allocation were systematically investigated in response to individual and combined cadmium (0, 5, and 10 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) and petroleum (0, 6, and 12 g kg<sup>−1</sup>) treatments. Compared with the control (CK), petroleum stress significantly increased the total nitrogen (TN) and plant total phosphorus (TP) contents, but did not substantially impact the total carbon (TC) content, resulting in 19.7% and 26.6% decreases in the plant C/N and C/P ratios, respectively. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased significantly under petroleum stress, whereas the TN and TP contents did not notably change, considerably increasing the soil C/N and C/P ratios, which were 1.5 times and 1.3 times greater than those of the CK, respectively. Cadmium stress alone or with petroleum stress did not significantly affect the C, N, or P stoichiometry or biomass allocation in <i>S. salsa</i>. The soil C/N/P stoichiometry redundancy analysis revealed that the contribution rates (especially the soil C/P and C/N ratios) to the total biomass and its allocation in <i>S. salsa</i> (64.5%) were greater than those of the control group plants (35.5%). The correlation analysis revealed that the total growth biomass of <i>S. salsa</i> was negatively correlated with the soil carbon content, C/N ratio, and C/P ratio, but positively correlated with the plant C/N and C/P ratios. The aboveground biomass proportion in <i>S. salsa</i> was significantly negatively correlated with the soil N/P ratio. The belowground biomass proportion exhibited the opposite trend. Petroleum pollution was the main factor driving <i>S. salsa</i> stoichiometry and growth changes, increasing the soil C/N and C/P ratios, reducing the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient absorption capacities in plant roots, limiting plant nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and inhibiting biomass accumulation. Appropriate N and P supplementation alleviated plant growth inhibition due to petroleum pollution stress, which was conducive to improving vegetation ecological restoration in the Yellow River Delta.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/6/673<i>Suaeda salsa</i>pollution stressstoichiometric characteristicsbiomass allocation |
| spellingShingle | Shuo Li Haidong Xu Hui Ye Cheng Chang Jinxiang Zhao Jiangbao Xia Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River Delta Biology <i>Suaeda salsa</i> pollution stress stoichiometric characteristics biomass allocation |
| title | Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River Delta |
| title_full | Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River Delta |
| title_fullStr | Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River Delta |
| title_full_unstemmed | Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River Delta |
| title_short | Linking Ecological Stoichiometry to Biomass Allocation in Plants Under Cadmium and Petroleum Stress in the Yellow River Delta |
| title_sort | linking ecological stoichiometry to biomass allocation in plants under cadmium and petroleum stress in the yellow river delta |
| topic | <i>Suaeda salsa</i> pollution stress stoichiometric characteristics biomass allocation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/6/673 |
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