Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay Approach
This paper introduces an extremum seeking (ES) scheme for the unknown map’s first derivative by tailoring a demodulation signal in which the closed-loop system is subject to constant transmission delays. Unlike most publications that manage delays using predictor-based methods, we are concerned with...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| _version_ | 1839631700380876800 |
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| author | Jianzhong Li Hongye Su Yang Zhu |
| author_facet | Jianzhong Li Hongye Su Yang Zhu |
| author_sort | Jianzhong Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper introduces an extremum seeking (ES) scheme for the unknown map’s first derivative by tailoring a demodulation signal in which the closed-loop system is subject to constant transmission delays. Unlike most publications that manage delays using predictor-based methods, we are concerned with the delay-robustness of the introduced ES system via the newly developed time-delay approach. The original ES system is transformed to a nonlinear retarded-type plant with disturbances and the stability condition in the form of linear matrix inequalities is achieved. When the related bounds of the nonlinear map are not known, a rigorous practical stability proof is provided. Second, and more importantly, under the availability of prior knowledge about the nonlinear map, we are able to provide a quantitative calculation on the maximum allowable delay, the upper bound of the dither period, and the ultimate seeking error. Numerical examples are offered to exemplify the effectiveness of the proposed method. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e562c6e2317543f09cd1d3307ba18172 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj-art-e562c6e2317543f09cd1d3307ba181722025-07-11T14:40:43ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-07-011313219610.3390/math13132196Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay ApproachJianzhong Li0Hongye Su1Yang Zhu2School of Information and Control Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, ChinaCollege of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, ChinaCollege of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, ChinaThis paper introduces an extremum seeking (ES) scheme for the unknown map’s first derivative by tailoring a demodulation signal in which the closed-loop system is subject to constant transmission delays. Unlike most publications that manage delays using predictor-based methods, we are concerned with the delay-robustness of the introduced ES system via the newly developed time-delay approach. The original ES system is transformed to a nonlinear retarded-type plant with disturbances and the stability condition in the form of linear matrix inequalities is achieved. When the related bounds of the nonlinear map are not known, a rigorous practical stability proof is provided. Second, and more importantly, under the availability of prior knowledge about the nonlinear map, we are able to provide a quantitative calculation on the maximum allowable delay, the upper bound of the dither period, and the ultimate seeking error. Numerical examples are offered to exemplify the effectiveness of the proposed method.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2196extremum seekingtime delaynonlinear systemfirst derivativetime-delay approach |
| spellingShingle | Jianzhong Li Hongye Su Yang Zhu Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay Approach Mathematics extremum seeking time delay nonlinear system first derivative time-delay approach |
| title | Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay Approach |
| title_full | Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay Approach |
| title_fullStr | Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay Approach |
| title_short | Extremum Seeking for the First Derivative of Nonlinear Maps with Constant Delays via a Time-Delay Approach |
| title_sort | extremum seeking for the first derivative of nonlinear maps with constant delays via a time delay approach |
| topic | extremum seeking time delay nonlinear system first derivative time-delay approach |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2196 |
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