Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological Mice
Purpose This study investigated whether the combined application of treadmill exercise and vitamin D injections exerts neuroprotective effects in nonpathological mice by enhancing cognitive function, regulating immune responses, preserving blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and improving mitochond...
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| Natura: | Articolo |
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Korean Continence Society
2025-07-01
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| Serie: | International Neurourology Journal |
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| Accesso online: | http://einj.org/upload/pdf/inj-2550140-070.pdf |
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| author | Taewan Kim Donghyun Kim Yoonhwan Kim Jeonghyeon Kim Seamon Kang Jinkyung Cho |
| author_facet | Taewan Kim Donghyun Kim Yoonhwan Kim Jeonghyeon Kim Seamon Kang Jinkyung Cho |
| author_sort | Taewan Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Purpose This study investigated whether the combined application of treadmill exercise and vitamin D injections exerts neuroprotective effects in nonpathological mice by enhancing cognitive function, regulating immune responses, preserving blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and improving mitochondrial efficiency. Methods Forty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to control, exercise (EX), vitamin D (VD), or combined treatment (EXVD) groups. After 20 weeks of intervention, behavioral, molecular, and cellular analyses were performed to assess cognitive function, immune responses, BBB integrity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial efficiency. Results The EXVD group demonstrated superior spatial learning and memory compared to the other groups. Vitamin D treatment significantly increased plasma interleukin-10 and tight junction protein levels, while exercise alone elevated hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α. Combined treatment reduced astrocyte activation, maintained BBB integrity, and improved mitochondrial respiratory efficiency without increasing oxidative stress. Expression of antioxidant enzymes was decreased in the VD and EXVD groups, indicating improved redox balance. Conclusions Treadmill exercise and vitamin D injections confer neuroprotective effects in nonpathological mice by enhancing cognition, reducing neuroinflammation, and improving both BBB integrity and mitochondrial function. These findings highlight the potential of nonpharmacological strategies to support brain health even in the absence of disease. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e4e89cfda4d5464bb7d03bcb43136ceb |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2093-4777 2093-6931 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Korean Continence Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Neurourology Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-e4e89cfda4d5464bb7d03bcb43136ceb2025-07-28T05:37:23ZengKorean Continence SocietyInternational Neurourology Journal2093-47772093-69312025-07-0129Suppl 1S22S3410.5213/inj.2550140.0701168Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological MiceTaewan Kim0Donghyun Kim1Yoonhwan Kim2Jeonghyeon Kim3Seamon Kang4Jinkyung Cho5 College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea Sports and Health Science, National Hanbat University, Daejeon, Korea College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, KoreaPurpose This study investigated whether the combined application of treadmill exercise and vitamin D injections exerts neuroprotective effects in nonpathological mice by enhancing cognitive function, regulating immune responses, preserving blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and improving mitochondrial efficiency. Methods Forty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to control, exercise (EX), vitamin D (VD), or combined treatment (EXVD) groups. After 20 weeks of intervention, behavioral, molecular, and cellular analyses were performed to assess cognitive function, immune responses, BBB integrity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial efficiency. Results The EXVD group demonstrated superior spatial learning and memory compared to the other groups. Vitamin D treatment significantly increased plasma interleukin-10 and tight junction protein levels, while exercise alone elevated hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α. Combined treatment reduced astrocyte activation, maintained BBB integrity, and improved mitochondrial respiratory efficiency without increasing oxidative stress. Expression of antioxidant enzymes was decreased in the VD and EXVD groups, indicating improved redox balance. Conclusions Treadmill exercise and vitamin D injections confer neuroprotective effects in nonpathological mice by enhancing cognition, reducing neuroinflammation, and improving both BBB integrity and mitochondrial function. These findings highlight the potential of nonpharmacological strategies to support brain health even in the absence of disease.http://einj.org/upload/pdf/inj-2550140-070.pdfexercisevitamin dneuroinflammationblood-brain barrieroxidative stressmitochondria |
| spellingShingle | Taewan Kim Donghyun Kim Yoonhwan Kim Jeonghyeon Kim Seamon Kang Jinkyung Cho Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological Mice International Neurourology Journal exercise vitamin d neuroinflammation blood-brain barrier oxidative stress mitochondria |
| title | Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological Mice |
| title_full | Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological Mice |
| title_fullStr | Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological Mice |
| title_short | Combined Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Neuroinflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Function in Nonpathological Mice |
| title_sort | combined effects of exercise and vitamin d on neuroinflammation blood brain barrier integrity oxidative stress and cognitive function in nonpathological mice |
| topic | exercise vitamin d neuroinflammation blood-brain barrier oxidative stress mitochondria |
| url | http://einj.org/upload/pdf/inj-2550140-070.pdf |
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