Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration
IntroductionPhosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for food production, yet a significant pollutant when mismanaged.MethodsThis study analyzes the phosphorus flow of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in 2020, using a Substance Flow Analysis framework. The research e...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1613137/full |
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| author | Yang Lu Yang Lu Yang Lu Yang Lu Wei Huang Wei Huang Wei Huang Shenghui Cui Shenghui Cui Shenghui Cui Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yunfeng Huang Bing Gao Bing Gao Bing Gao |
| author_facet | Yang Lu Yang Lu Yang Lu Yang Lu Wei Huang Wei Huang Wei Huang Shenghui Cui Shenghui Cui Shenghui Cui Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yunfeng Huang Bing Gao Bing Gao Bing Gao |
| author_sort | Yang Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionPhosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for food production, yet a significant pollutant when mismanaged.MethodsThis study analyzes the phosphorus flow of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in 2020, using a Substance Flow Analysis framework. The research examines natural and anthropogenic inputs, outputs and accumulation of phosphorus.ResultsResults reveal that the GBA is heavily dependent on external phosphorus inputs, with a total input of 187.69 Gg. The two largest sources of phosphorus inputs are aquaculture (36%) and food consumption (33%). The phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in crop production, animal husbandry, and aquaculture were approximately 48.8, 32.37, and 10.01%, respectively. However, only 7.89% of phosphorus is recycled, while substantial losses (76% to soil and 24% to water bodies) exacerbate environmental pressures. Spatial analysis highlights distinct patterns between production-oriented cities (e.g., Jiangmen and Zhaoqing) and consumption-oriented cities (e.g., Shenzhen and Hong Kong).DiscussionPolicy recommendations include enhancing aquaculture management, improving phosphorus recycling technologies, and fostering intercity collaboration to create a sustainable phosphorus management framework. These findings provide critical insights for addressing phosphorus-related challenges in urban agglomerations. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-e4275ab3ad8b4ab1b1b8bdf9d5590d712025-06-30T05:26:20ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems2571-581X2025-06-01910.3389/fsufs.2025.16131371613137Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomerationYang Lu0Yang Lu1Yang Lu2Yang Lu3Wei Huang4Wei Huang5Wei Huang6Shenghui Cui7Shenghui Cui8Shenghui Cui9Jiexin Deng10Jiexin Deng11Jiexin Deng12Jiexin Deng13Yin Zhang14Yin Zhang15Yin Zhang16Yin Zhang17Yunfeng Huang18Bing Gao19Bing Gao20Bing Gao21Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaXiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, ChinaInstitute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaXiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, ChinaInstitute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaXiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, ChinaInstitute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaXiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, ChinaInstitute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaXiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, ChinaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, ChinaInstitute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, ChinaXiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, ChinaIntroductionPhosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for food production, yet a significant pollutant when mismanaged.MethodsThis study analyzes the phosphorus flow of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in 2020, using a Substance Flow Analysis framework. The research examines natural and anthropogenic inputs, outputs and accumulation of phosphorus.ResultsResults reveal that the GBA is heavily dependent on external phosphorus inputs, with a total input of 187.69 Gg. The two largest sources of phosphorus inputs are aquaculture (36%) and food consumption (33%). The phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in crop production, animal husbandry, and aquaculture were approximately 48.8, 32.37, and 10.01%, respectively. However, only 7.89% of phosphorus is recycled, while substantial losses (76% to soil and 24% to water bodies) exacerbate environmental pressures. Spatial analysis highlights distinct patterns between production-oriented cities (e.g., Jiangmen and Zhaoqing) and consumption-oriented cities (e.g., Shenzhen and Hong Kong).DiscussionPolicy recommendations include enhancing aquaculture management, improving phosphorus recycling technologies, and fostering intercity collaboration to create a sustainable phosphorus management framework. These findings provide critical insights for addressing phosphorus-related challenges in urban agglomerations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1613137/fullphosphorus metabolismfood systemGuangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Areaurban agglomerationsubstance flow analysis |
| spellingShingle | Yang Lu Yang Lu Yang Lu Yang Lu Wei Huang Wei Huang Wei Huang Shenghui Cui Shenghui Cui Shenghui Cui Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Jiexin Deng Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yin Zhang Yunfeng Huang Bing Gao Bing Gao Bing Gao Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems phosphorus metabolism food system Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration substance flow analysis |
| title | Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration |
| title_full | Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration |
| title_fullStr | Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration |
| title_short | Phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration |
| title_sort | phosphorus metabolism of the food system in the guangdong hong kong macao greater bay area urban agglomeration |
| topic | phosphorus metabolism food system Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration substance flow analysis |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1613137/full |
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