NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications
<i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. is a widely cultivated plant, used for ornamental purposes, as a high-value spice crop, and in the flavor and fragrance industry. In natural medicine, it is well-known for its many beneficial properties (due to a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds) a...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/3006 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1839615491498311680 |
|---|---|
| author | Debora Caviglia Eleonora Russo Anna Maria Schito Francesco Saverio Robustelli della Cuna Elena Grignani Nicola Lionetti Carla Villa |
| author_facet | Debora Caviglia Eleonora Russo Anna Maria Schito Francesco Saverio Robustelli della Cuna Elena Grignani Nicola Lionetti Carla Villa |
| author_sort | Debora Caviglia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. is a widely cultivated plant, used for ornamental purposes, as a high-value spice crop, and in the flavor and fragrance industry. In natural medicine, it is well-known for its many beneficial properties (due to a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds) and used for the treatment of different disorders. In this study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs), coupled with microwave activation, were studied and applied for a green extraction of <i>L. nobilis</i> leaves. The main objective was to obtain a sustainable and multifunctional cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredient (the NaDES-based extract itself), exploiting both the intrinsic cosmetic functionalities of NaDES components and the biological properties of laurel bioactive compounds. The most promising candidate was obtained from a eutectic system containing betaine, glycerol, and lactic acid. The evaluation of this NaDES-based complex reveals a considerable number of phenolic compounds (around 11.57 mg of gallic acid equivalents for a gram of fresh leaves) and a notable antioxidant activity (80.1% with respect to Trolox), with values quite constant over a period of six months. The complex exhibits effective antimicrobial activity against different Gram-positive (<i>S. aureus</i> and <i>S. epidermidis</i>) and Gram-negative (<i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>) bacterial strains, with concentrations ranging from 3.8 to 7.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the extract presents a pleasant fragrance, attributable to the selective extraction of different volatile aromatic compounds, as confirmed by GC-MS analysis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dadfbde0e7ab4b24a23f3fd7d952d38d |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-dadfbde0e7ab4b24a23f3fd7d952d38d2025-07-25T13:32:02ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013014300610.3390/molecules30143006NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical ApplicationsDebora Caviglia0Eleonora Russo1Anna Maria Schito2Francesco Saverio Robustelli della Cuna3Elena Grignani4Nicola Lionetti5Carla Villa6Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Drug and Cosmetic Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Drug and Cosmetic Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, ItalyEnvironmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, ItalyEnvironmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, ItalyLabanalysis Life Science, 20125 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Section of Drug and Cosmetic Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy<i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. is a widely cultivated plant, used for ornamental purposes, as a high-value spice crop, and in the flavor and fragrance industry. In natural medicine, it is well-known for its many beneficial properties (due to a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds) and used for the treatment of different disorders. In this study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs), coupled with microwave activation, were studied and applied for a green extraction of <i>L. nobilis</i> leaves. The main objective was to obtain a sustainable and multifunctional cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredient (the NaDES-based extract itself), exploiting both the intrinsic cosmetic functionalities of NaDES components and the biological properties of laurel bioactive compounds. The most promising candidate was obtained from a eutectic system containing betaine, glycerol, and lactic acid. The evaluation of this NaDES-based complex reveals a considerable number of phenolic compounds (around 11.57 mg of gallic acid equivalents for a gram of fresh leaves) and a notable antioxidant activity (80.1% with respect to Trolox), with values quite constant over a period of six months. The complex exhibits effective antimicrobial activity against different Gram-positive (<i>S. aureus</i> and <i>S. epidermidis</i>) and Gram-negative (<i>E. coli</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>) bacterial strains, with concentrations ranging from 3.8 to 7.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the extract presents a pleasant fragrance, attributable to the selective extraction of different volatile aromatic compounds, as confirmed by GC-MS analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/3006NaDESready-to-use ingredients<i>Laurus nobilis</i> L.microwave extraction |
| spellingShingle | Debora Caviglia Eleonora Russo Anna Maria Schito Francesco Saverio Robustelli della Cuna Elena Grignani Nicola Lionetti Carla Villa NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications Molecules NaDES ready-to-use ingredients <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. microwave extraction |
| title | NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications |
| title_full | NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications |
| title_fullStr | NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications |
| title_short | NaDES-Based Extracts by Microwave Activation from <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. Leaves: Sustainable Multifunctional Ingredients for Potential Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications |
| title_sort | nades based extracts by microwave activation from i laurus nobilis i l leaves sustainable multifunctional ingredients for potential cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications |
| topic | NaDES ready-to-use ingredients <i>Laurus nobilis</i> L. microwave extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/3006 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT deboracaviglia nadesbasedextractsbymicrowaveactivationfromilaurusnobilisilleavessustainablemultifunctionalingredientsforpotentialcosmeticandpharmaceuticalapplications AT eleonorarusso nadesbasedextractsbymicrowaveactivationfromilaurusnobilisilleavessustainablemultifunctionalingredientsforpotentialcosmeticandpharmaceuticalapplications AT annamariaschito nadesbasedextractsbymicrowaveactivationfromilaurusnobilisilleavessustainablemultifunctionalingredientsforpotentialcosmeticandpharmaceuticalapplications AT francescosaveriorobustellidellacuna nadesbasedextractsbymicrowaveactivationfromilaurusnobilisilleavessustainablemultifunctionalingredientsforpotentialcosmeticandpharmaceuticalapplications AT elenagrignani nadesbasedextractsbymicrowaveactivationfromilaurusnobilisilleavessustainablemultifunctionalingredientsforpotentialcosmeticandpharmaceuticalapplications AT nicolalionetti nadesbasedextractsbymicrowaveactivationfromilaurusnobilisilleavessustainablemultifunctionalingredientsforpotentialcosmeticandpharmaceuticalapplications AT carlavilla nadesbasedextractsbymicrowaveactivationfromilaurusnobilisilleavessustainablemultifunctionalingredientsforpotentialcosmeticandpharmaceuticalapplications |