Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition
<p><span id="page6408"/>Soot aerosol generated from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels is a major light-absorber; however its spectral optical properties for varying black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) content remain uncertain. In this study, soot aeroso...
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2025-06-01
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| author | J. Heuser C. Di Biagio J. Yon M. Cazaunau A. Bergé A. Bergé E. Pangui M. Zanatta M. Zanatta L. Renzi A. Marinoni S. Inomata C. Yu V. Bernardoni S. Chevaillier D. Ferry P. Laj P. Laj M. Maillé D. Massabò D. Massabò F. Mazzei F. Mazzei G. Noyalet H. Tanimoto B. Temime-Roussel R. Vecchi V. Vernocchi P. Formenti B. Picquet-Varrault J.-F. Doussin |
| author_facet | J. Heuser C. Di Biagio J. Yon M. Cazaunau A. Bergé A. Bergé E. Pangui M. Zanatta M. Zanatta L. Renzi A. Marinoni S. Inomata C. Yu V. Bernardoni S. Chevaillier D. Ferry P. Laj P. Laj M. Maillé D. Massabò D. Massabò F. Mazzei F. Mazzei G. Noyalet H. Tanimoto B. Temime-Roussel R. Vecchi V. Vernocchi P. Formenti B. Picquet-Varrault J.-F. Doussin |
| author_sort | J. Heuser |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p><span id="page6408"/>Soot aerosol generated from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels is a major light-absorber; however its spectral optical properties for varying black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) content remain uncertain. In this study, soot aerosols with varying maturity and composition, i.e. elemental-to-total-carbon ratio (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a434d3ed47844dbe9a7417ac781bab9e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00001.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>), have been studied systematically in a large simulation chamber to determine their mass absorption, scattering, and extinction cross sections (MAC, MSC, MEC); single-scattering albedo (SSA); and absorption and scattering Ångström exponents (AAE, SAE). The MAC, MEC, SSA, and AAE show a variability between the different types of soot with varying <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d98c3dd06629c9ce353405ed57451d0d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00002.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios. The MAC (MEC) at 550 nm increases for increasing <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7c7ca3abf63eb567996671d1b7f250c0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00003.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, with values of 1.0 (1.4) m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> g<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="54ffed50687805c6f186d5877b6bdd3b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00004.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.0 (BrC-dominated soot) and 4.6 (5.1) m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> g<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="16b788defa5a132fb643f6a1bb090717"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00005.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.79 (BC-dominated soot). The AAE and SSA (550 nm) decrease from 3.79 and 0.29 (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="0f8b86a481edcacac1ef37cd868a5b8b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00006.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.0) to 1.27 and 0.10 (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="1c460d6c2eab28f7193cb4f3294a7110"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00007.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.79). Combining present results for soot from propane combustion with literature data for flame soot from diverse fuels supports a generalised exponential relationship between particle <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e5fb6256d98cd87c1d78541e399c7371"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00008.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and its MAC and AAE values <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">MAC</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">550</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.3</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.05</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="111pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cdb2fc036bea96fec148c35e0bf563a1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00009.svg" width="111pt" height="13pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M18" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.8</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.1</mn><mo>)</mo><mfenced open="(" close=")"><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mfrac></mfenced></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="60pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a6a8d7c905cd62cf94a92612e92feafb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00010.svg" width="60pt" height="15pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00010.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>; <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">AAE</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.73</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.12</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3.29</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.12</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="170pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d4034e21b8206d1c809b37bf1ce1fe19"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00011.svg" width="170pt" height="12pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00011.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M20" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2.32</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.30</mn><mo>)</mo><mfenced open="(" close=")"><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mfrac></mfenced></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="78pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="4366cdc51fd2f29d7953dfc106a43db3"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00012.svg" width="78pt" height="17pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00012.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, which represents the optical continuum of spectral absorption for soot with varying maturity. From this, it is possible to extrapolate a MAC of 7.9 and 1.3 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> g<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (550 nm) and an AAE (375–870 nm) of 1.05 and 4.02 for pure EC (BC-like) and pure OC (BrC-like) soot. The established relationship can provide a useful parameterisation for models to estimate the absorption from combustion aerosols and their BC and BrC contributions.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d4b6574f194b4ed9b9ead2d41c8c6b49 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj-art-d4b6574f194b4ed9b9ead2d41c8c6b492025-06-27T06:20:38ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242025-06-01256407642810.5194/acp-25-6407-2025Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to compositionJ. Heuser0C. Di Biagio1J. Yon2M. Cazaunau3A. Bergé4A. Bergé5E. Pangui6M. Zanatta7M. Zanatta8L. Renzi9A. Marinoni10S. Inomata11C. Yu12V. Bernardoni13S. Chevaillier14D. Ferry15P. Laj16P. Laj17M. Maillé18D. Massabò19D. Massabò20F. Mazzei21F. Mazzei22G. Noyalet23H. Tanimoto24B. Temime-Roussel25R. Vecchi26V. Vernocchi27P. Formenti28B. Picquet-Varrault29J.-F. Doussin30Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, FranceUniversité Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, 75013 Paris, FranceINSA Rouen Normandie, Univ. Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ., CORIA UMR 6614, 76000 Rouen, FranceUniv Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, FranceUniversité Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, 75013 Paris, Francenow at: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA–CNRS–UVSQ, IPSL, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceUniv Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, FranceUniv Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, FranceInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, ItalyInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, ItalyInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, ItalyEarth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, JapanUniversité Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, 75013 Paris, FranceDepartment of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano and National Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN-Milan, Milan, 20133, ItalyUniv Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, FranceAix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CINaM, Marseille, FranceUniv. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, Francenow at: World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, SwitzerlandUniv Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, FranceDepartment of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, ItalyNational Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN-Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, ItalyNational Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN-Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, ItalyUniversité Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, 75013 Paris, FranceEarth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, JapanAix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano and National Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN-Milan, Milan, 20133, ItalyNational Institute of Nuclear Physics, INFN-Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, ItalyUniversité Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, 75013 Paris, FranceUniv Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, FranceUniv Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France<p><span id="page6408"/>Soot aerosol generated from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels is a major light-absorber; however its spectral optical properties for varying black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) content remain uncertain. In this study, soot aerosols with varying maturity and composition, i.e. elemental-to-total-carbon ratio (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a434d3ed47844dbe9a7417ac781bab9e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00001.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>), have been studied systematically in a large simulation chamber to determine their mass absorption, scattering, and extinction cross sections (MAC, MSC, MEC); single-scattering albedo (SSA); and absorption and scattering Ångström exponents (AAE, SAE). The MAC, MEC, SSA, and AAE show a variability between the different types of soot with varying <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d98c3dd06629c9ce353405ed57451d0d"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00002.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> ratios. The MAC (MEC) at 550 nm increases for increasing <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7c7ca3abf63eb567996671d1b7f250c0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00003.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, with values of 1.0 (1.4) m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> g<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="54ffed50687805c6f186d5877b6bdd3b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00004.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.0 (BrC-dominated soot) and 4.6 (5.1) m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> g<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="16b788defa5a132fb643f6a1bb090717"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00005.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.79 (BC-dominated soot). The AAE and SSA (550 nm) decrease from 3.79 and 0.29 (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M12" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="0f8b86a481edcacac1ef37cd868a5b8b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00006.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.0) to 1.27 and 0.10 (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="1c460d6c2eab28f7193cb4f3294a7110"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00007.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.79). Combining present results for soot from propane combustion with literature data for flame soot from diverse fuels supports a generalised exponential relationship between particle <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e5fb6256d98cd87c1d78541e399c7371"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00008.svg" width="38pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and its MAC and AAE values <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">MAC</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">550</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.3</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.05</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="111pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cdb2fc036bea96fec148c35e0bf563a1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00009.svg" width="111pt" height="13pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M18" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.8</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.1</mn><mo>)</mo><mfenced open="(" close=")"><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mfrac></mfenced></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="60pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a6a8d7c905cd62cf94a92612e92feafb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00010.svg" width="60pt" height="15pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00010.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>; <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M19" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">AAE</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.73</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.12</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3.29</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.12</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="170pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d4034e21b8206d1c809b37bf1ce1fe19"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00011.svg" width="170pt" height="12pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00011.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M20" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2.32</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.30</mn><mo>)</mo><mfenced open="(" close=")"><mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">EC</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">TC</mi></mfrac></mfenced></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="78pt" height="17pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="4366cdc51fd2f29d7953dfc106a43db3"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00012.svg" width="78pt" height="17pt" src="acp-25-6407-2025-ie00012.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, which represents the optical continuum of spectral absorption for soot with varying maturity. From this, it is possible to extrapolate a MAC of 7.9 and 1.3 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> g<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (550 nm) and an AAE (375–870 nm) of 1.05 and 4.02 for pure EC (BC-like) and pure OC (BrC-like) soot. The established relationship can provide a useful parameterisation for models to estimate the absorption from combustion aerosols and their BC and BrC contributions.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/25/6407/2025/acp-25-6407-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | J. Heuser C. Di Biagio J. Yon M. Cazaunau A. Bergé A. Bergé E. Pangui M. Zanatta M. Zanatta L. Renzi A. Marinoni S. Inomata C. Yu V. Bernardoni S. Chevaillier D. Ferry P. Laj P. Laj M. Maillé D. Massabò D. Massabò F. Mazzei F. Mazzei G. Noyalet H. Tanimoto B. Temime-Roussel R. Vecchi V. Vernocchi P. Formenti B. Picquet-Varrault J.-F. Doussin Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition |
| title_full | Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition |
| title_fullStr | Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition |
| title_short | Spectral optical properties of soot: laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition |
| title_sort | spectral optical properties of soot laboratory investigation of propane flame particles and their link to composition |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/25/6407/2025/acp-25-6407-2025.pdf |
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