The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet
In vitro methods have advanced research on rumen microbiology and fermentation. However, artificial saliva formulation may need adjustments, particularly in urea content, for modern diets, warranting further research. This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen (N) levels in artificial...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Ícaro Rainyer Rodrigues de Castro Luiza de Nazaré Carneiro da Silva Isabela Fonseca Carrari Giulia Berzoini Costa Leite Eduardo Marostegan de Paula Amanda Moelemberg Cezar Marcos Inácio Marcondes |
| author_facet | Ícaro Rainyer Rodrigues de Castro Luiza de Nazaré Carneiro da Silva Isabela Fonseca Carrari Giulia Berzoini Costa Leite Eduardo Marostegan de Paula Amanda Moelemberg Cezar Marcos Inácio Marcondes |
| author_sort | Ícaro Rainyer Rodrigues de Castro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In vitro methods have advanced research on rumen microbiology and fermentation. However, artificial saliva formulation may need adjustments, particularly in urea content, for modern diets, warranting further research. This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen (N) levels in artificial saliva on ruminal fermentation and digestion in diets for dairy cows using a Rusitec<sup>®</sup> system. Eighteen fermenters tested three saliva treatments with different N levels: a standard saliva as the control and two treatments with N reduced by 15% and 30%. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v. 9.4), with linear and quadratic contrasts tested for treatment effects (significance set at <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). Results showed that altering N content had no significant effect on pH, ammonia concentrations, or NH<sub>3</sub>-N outflow, nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, fiber, and starch), gas and methane production, or volatile fatty acid concentrations. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and N flow exhibited quadratic responses, with the lowest values observed at the highest level of N reduction in the saliva (−30%). These findings suggest that although ruminal function and digestion remain stable with reduced N, microbial protein synthesis efficiency may decline beyond a threshold. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d3d333fed0d24ed3855f21b50f4564802025-06-25T13:49:04ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372025-06-0111634010.3390/fermentation11060340The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow DietÍcaro Rainyer Rodrigues de Castro0Luiza de Nazaré Carneiro da Silva1Isabela Fonseca Carrari2Giulia Berzoini Costa Leite3Eduardo Marostegan de Paula4Amanda Moelemberg Cezar5Marcos Inácio Marcondes6Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n–Campus Universitário, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, BrazilCenter of Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins (UFNT), Araguaína 77804-970, TO, BrazilDepartment of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USADepartment of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USADepartment of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USAEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (Esalq), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, BrazilDepartment of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USAIn vitro methods have advanced research on rumen microbiology and fermentation. However, artificial saliva formulation may need adjustments, particularly in urea content, for modern diets, warranting further research. This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen (N) levels in artificial saliva on ruminal fermentation and digestion in diets for dairy cows using a Rusitec<sup>®</sup> system. Eighteen fermenters tested three saliva treatments with different N levels: a standard saliva as the control and two treatments with N reduced by 15% and 30%. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v. 9.4), with linear and quadratic contrasts tested for treatment effects (significance set at <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). Results showed that altering N content had no significant effect on pH, ammonia concentrations, or NH<sub>3</sub>-N outflow, nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, fiber, and starch), gas and methane production, or volatile fatty acid concentrations. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and N flow exhibited quadratic responses, with the lowest values observed at the highest level of N reduction in the saliva (−30%). These findings suggest that although ruminal function and digestion remain stable with reduced N, microbial protein synthesis efficiency may decline beyond a threshold.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/11/6/340diet manipulationefficiencyin vitromethane emissionsruminants |
| spellingShingle | Ícaro Rainyer Rodrigues de Castro Luiza de Nazaré Carneiro da Silva Isabela Fonseca Carrari Giulia Berzoini Costa Leite Eduardo Marostegan de Paula Amanda Moelemberg Cezar Marcos Inácio Marcondes The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet Fermentation diet manipulation efficiency in vitro methane emissions ruminants |
| title | The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet |
| title_full | The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet |
| title_short | The Effect of Saliva with Different Nitrogen Compositions on Ruminal Fermentation in a Rumen Simulator Technique (Rusitec<sup>®</sup>) System Fed a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet |
| title_sort | effect of saliva with different nitrogen compositions on ruminal fermentation in a rumen simulator technique rusitec sup r sup system fed a lactating dairy cow diet |
| topic | diet manipulation efficiency in vitro methane emissions ruminants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/11/6/340 |
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