Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional study
Background and AimsThe bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) requires population-specific references to correctly classify individuals based on body composition properties. The aim of this study was: (i) to develop new references specific to the older adult population; (ii) to evaluate vect...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1640407/full |
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| author | Francesco Campa Giuseppe Annunziata Luigi Barrea Alessandro Sampieri Chiara Ceolin Chiara Ceolin Marina De Rui Francesco Sguaizer Cristian Petri Fabrizio Spataro Gabriele Mascherini Margherita Micheletti Cremasco Giuseppe Sergi Tatiana Moro Antonio Paoli |
| author_facet | Francesco Campa Giuseppe Annunziata Luigi Barrea Alessandro Sampieri Chiara Ceolin Chiara Ceolin Marina De Rui Francesco Sguaizer Cristian Petri Fabrizio Spataro Gabriele Mascherini Margherita Micheletti Cremasco Giuseppe Sergi Tatiana Moro Antonio Paoli |
| author_sort | Francesco Campa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and AimsThe bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) requires population-specific references to correctly classify individuals based on body composition properties. The aim of this study was: (i) to develop new references specific to the older adult population; (ii) to evaluate vector patterns based on age and appendicular lean soft mass (ALMS); (iii) to compare the new references with others already existing in the literature.MethodsThe present study included 835 older adults [472 women (mean age 73.9 ± 7.4 years, BMI 27.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2) and 363 men (mean age 73.1 ± 7.2 years, BMI 27.0 ± 4.4 kg/m2)]. Bioimpedance analysis was conducted using a phase-sensitive foot-to-hand technology at 50 kHz. Bioelectrical properties were analyzed among participants grouped by age categories and ALSM tertiles. New bivariate tolerance ellipses for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc), standardized by participants’ height (H), were compared with data from adult populations and the original BIVA references proposed by Piccoli in 1995 (ages 15–85).ResultsNew reference values for older adults were established. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in R/H and phase angle were observed when older adults were grouped by age categories, while R/H, Xc/H, and phase angle showed significant differences among ALSM/H2 tertiles. The mean bioelectrical vector for older adults differed from the references in the literature, showing a moderate magnitude relative to Piccoli’s original BIVA references (men: D2 = 0.6; women: D2 = 0.5) and a larger magnitude compared to the adult standards (men: D2 = 1.7; women: D2 = 1.8).ConclusionThis study provides BIVA references for older adults. Aging was associated with increased R/H and decreased phase angle, whereas older individuals with higher ALSM exhibited a greater phase angle and lower R/H, and Xc/H. The original BIVA references proposed in 1995 lack specificity and are no longer recommended for future use, as age-specific bioelectrical references are now available. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d1bde1b67202496eb88e9c90adf06ca52025-07-23T04:13:34ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2025-07-011210.3389/fnut.2025.16404071640407Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional studyFrancesco Campa0Giuseppe Annunziata1Luigi Barrea2Alessandro Sampieri3Chiara Ceolin4Chiara Ceolin5Marina De Rui6Francesco Sguaizer7Cristian Petri8Fabrizio Spataro9Gabriele Mascherini10Margherita Micheletti Cremasco11Giuseppe Sergi12Tatiana Moro13Antonio Paoli14Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, ItalyUnit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, ItalyGeriatric Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, ItalyDepartment of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Aging Research Center, Stockholm, SwedenGeriatric Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, ItalyDepartment of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, ItalySection of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, SpainSection of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyDepartment of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, ItalyGeriatric Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, ItalyBackground and AimsThe bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) requires population-specific references to correctly classify individuals based on body composition properties. The aim of this study was: (i) to develop new references specific to the older adult population; (ii) to evaluate vector patterns based on age and appendicular lean soft mass (ALMS); (iii) to compare the new references with others already existing in the literature.MethodsThe present study included 835 older adults [472 women (mean age 73.9 ± 7.4 years, BMI 27.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2) and 363 men (mean age 73.1 ± 7.2 years, BMI 27.0 ± 4.4 kg/m2)]. Bioimpedance analysis was conducted using a phase-sensitive foot-to-hand technology at 50 kHz. Bioelectrical properties were analyzed among participants grouped by age categories and ALSM tertiles. New bivariate tolerance ellipses for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc), standardized by participants’ height (H), were compared with data from adult populations and the original BIVA references proposed by Piccoli in 1995 (ages 15–85).ResultsNew reference values for older adults were established. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in R/H and phase angle were observed when older adults were grouped by age categories, while R/H, Xc/H, and phase angle showed significant differences among ALSM/H2 tertiles. The mean bioelectrical vector for older adults differed from the references in the literature, showing a moderate magnitude relative to Piccoli’s original BIVA references (men: D2 = 0.6; women: D2 = 0.5) and a larger magnitude compared to the adult standards (men: D2 = 1.7; women: D2 = 1.8).ConclusionThis study provides BIVA references for older adults. Aging was associated with increased R/H and decreased phase angle, whereas older individuals with higher ALSM exhibited a greater phase angle and lower R/H, and Xc/H. The original BIVA references proposed in 1995 lack specificity and are no longer recommended for future use, as age-specific bioelectrical references are now available.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1640407/fullbody compositionBIABIVAelderly peopleR-Xc graphphase angle |
| spellingShingle | Francesco Campa Giuseppe Annunziata Luigi Barrea Alessandro Sampieri Chiara Ceolin Chiara Ceolin Marina De Rui Francesco Sguaizer Cristian Petri Fabrizio Spataro Gabriele Mascherini Margherita Micheletti Cremasco Giuseppe Sergi Tatiana Moro Antonio Paoli Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional study Frontiers in Nutrition body composition BIA BIVA elderly people R-Xc graph phase angle |
| title | Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults: reference standards from a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in older adults reference standards from a cross sectional study |
| topic | body composition BIA BIVA elderly people R-Xc graph phase angle |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1640407/full |
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