Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic Reentry
Thermochemical nonequilibrium significantly affects the accurate simulation of the aerothermal environment surrounding a hypersonic reentry vehicle entering Earth’s atmosphere during deep space exploration missions. The different heat transfer modes corresponding to each internal energy mode and che...
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2025-06-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3417 |
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| author | Shuai He Wei Zhao Xinyue Dong Zhuzhu Zhang Jingying Wang Xinglian Yang Shiyue Zhang Jiaao Hao Ke Sun |
| author_facet | Shuai He Wei Zhao Xinyue Dong Zhuzhu Zhang Jingying Wang Xinglian Yang Shiyue Zhang Jiaao Hao Ke Sun |
| author_sort | Shuai He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Thermochemical nonequilibrium significantly affects the accurate simulation of the aerothermal environment surrounding a hypersonic reentry vehicle entering Earth’s atmosphere during deep space exploration missions. The different heat transfer modes corresponding to each internal energy mode and chemical diffusion have not been sufficiently analyzed. The existing dimensionless correlations for stagnation point aerodynamic heating do not account for thermochemical nonequilibrium effects. This study employs an in-house high-fidelity solver PHAROS (Parallel Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics and Radiation Optimized Solver) to simulate the hypersonic thermochemical nonequilibrium flows over a standard sphere under both super-catalytic and non-catalytic wall conditions. The total stagnation point heat flux and different heating modes, including the translational–rotational, vibrational–electronic, and chemical diffusion heat transfers, are all identified and analyzed. Stagnation point aerodynamic heating correlations have been modified to account for the thermochemical nonequilibrium effects. The results further reveal that translational–rotational and chemical diffusion heat transfers dominate the total aerodynamic heating, while vibrational–electronic heat transfer contributes only about 5%. This study contributes to the understanding of aerodynamic heating principles and thermal protection designs for future hypersonic reentry vehicles. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ce34e62f332b4edc99a6801ec7c8baf8 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-ce34e62f332b4edc99a6801ec7c8baf82025-07-11T14:39:00ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-06-011813341710.3390/en18133417Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic ReentryShuai He0Wei Zhao1Xinyue Dong2Zhuzhu Zhang3Jingying Wang4Xinglian Yang5Shiyue Zhang6Jiaao Hao7Ke Sun8School of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaSchool of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaSchool of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaSchool of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaSchool of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaSchool of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaSchool of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaDepartment of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaSchool of Nuclear, Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, ChinaThermochemical nonequilibrium significantly affects the accurate simulation of the aerothermal environment surrounding a hypersonic reentry vehicle entering Earth’s atmosphere during deep space exploration missions. The different heat transfer modes corresponding to each internal energy mode and chemical diffusion have not been sufficiently analyzed. The existing dimensionless correlations for stagnation point aerodynamic heating do not account for thermochemical nonequilibrium effects. This study employs an in-house high-fidelity solver PHAROS (Parallel Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics and Radiation Optimized Solver) to simulate the hypersonic thermochemical nonequilibrium flows over a standard sphere under both super-catalytic and non-catalytic wall conditions. The total stagnation point heat flux and different heating modes, including the translational–rotational, vibrational–electronic, and chemical diffusion heat transfers, are all identified and analyzed. Stagnation point aerodynamic heating correlations have been modified to account for the thermochemical nonequilibrium effects. The results further reveal that translational–rotational and chemical diffusion heat transfers dominate the total aerodynamic heating, while vibrational–electronic heat transfer contributes only about 5%. This study contributes to the understanding of aerodynamic heating principles and thermal protection designs for future hypersonic reentry vehicles.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3417hypersonic reentrynumerical simulationthermochemical nonequilibriumaerodynamic heatingdeep space exploration |
| spellingShingle | Shuai He Wei Zhao Xinyue Dong Zhuzhu Zhang Jingying Wang Xinglian Yang Shiyue Zhang Jiaao Hao Ke Sun Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic Reentry Energies hypersonic reentry numerical simulation thermochemical nonequilibrium aerodynamic heating deep space exploration |
| title | Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic Reentry |
| title_full | Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic Reentry |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic Reentry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic Reentry |
| title_short | Analysis of Aerodynamic Heating Modes in Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Flow for Hypersonic Reentry |
| title_sort | analysis of aerodynamic heating modes in thermochemical nonequilibrium flow for hypersonic reentry |
| topic | hypersonic reentry numerical simulation thermochemical nonequilibrium aerodynamic heating deep space exploration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3417 |
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