The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the Foot
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different walking strategies, including normal, toe-out, and toe-in walking, on peak force and plantar pressure distribution across ten foot regions. Methods The study population consisted of university students aged 18 to 25 years. A...
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Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Biyumikānīk-i varzishī |
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| Online Access: | http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf |
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| author | Faramarz Aghamohammadi Ali Jalalvand |
| author_facet | Faramarz Aghamohammadi Ali Jalalvand |
| author_sort | Faramarz Aghamohammadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different walking strategies, including normal, toe-out, and toe-in walking, on peak force and plantar pressure distribution across ten foot regions.
Methods The study population consisted of university students aged 18 to 25 years. A total of 21 participants were randomly selected using G*Power software. The RS-Scan International footscan system, with a sampling frequency of 253 Hz, was used to assess the distribution of peak force and plantar pressure. A mixed-design ANOVA was employed for analysis.
Results Overall, compared to normal and toe-out walking, toe-in walking reduced peak force and plantar pressure in the big toe, first metatarsal, and medial heel regions. However, it increased peak force and plantar pressure in the fourth and fifth metatarsals and the midfoot region. Toe-out walking, compared to normal and toe-in walking, increased peak force and plantar pressure in the first metatarsal but decreased peak force in the third metatarsal and plantar pressure in the third and fourth metatarsals.
Conclusion Toe-in walking may be beneficial for rehabilitation, whereas toe-out walking could pose a risk for individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Individuals with flat feet should adopt a toe-in walking pattern and avoid a toe-out pattern, whereas those with high arches may benefit from the opposite strategy. For patients with medial knee osteoarthritis, the choice between toe-in and toe-out walking should be guided by their foot posture. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c8c99fea054d4264a10bc02d6acdd0a5 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2476-4906 2476-5937 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biyumikānīk-i varzishī |
| spelling | doaj-art-c8c99fea054d4264a10bc02d6acdd0a52025-08-02T19:15:39ZengIslamic Azad University, Hamedan BranchBiyumikānīk-i varzishī2476-49062476-59372025-01-01104262275The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the FootFaramarz Aghamohammadi0Ali Jalalvand1 Department of Sport Biomechanics, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Department of Sport Biomechanics, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different walking strategies, including normal, toe-out, and toe-in walking, on peak force and plantar pressure distribution across ten foot regions. Methods The study population consisted of university students aged 18 to 25 years. A total of 21 participants were randomly selected using G*Power software. The RS-Scan International footscan system, with a sampling frequency of 253 Hz, was used to assess the distribution of peak force and plantar pressure. A mixed-design ANOVA was employed for analysis. Results Overall, compared to normal and toe-out walking, toe-in walking reduced peak force and plantar pressure in the big toe, first metatarsal, and medial heel regions. However, it increased peak force and plantar pressure in the fourth and fifth metatarsals and the midfoot region. Toe-out walking, compared to normal and toe-in walking, increased peak force and plantar pressure in the first metatarsal but decreased peak force in the third metatarsal and plantar pressure in the third and fourth metatarsals. Conclusion Toe-in walking may be beneficial for rehabilitation, whereas toe-out walking could pose a risk for individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Individuals with flat feet should adopt a toe-in walking pattern and avoid a toe-out pattern, whereas those with high arches may benefit from the opposite strategy. For patients with medial knee osteoarthritis, the choice between toe-in and toe-out walking should be guided by their foot posture.http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdfnormal walkingtoe-out walkingtoe-in walkingmaximum forcemaximum pressure |
| spellingShingle | Faramarz Aghamohammadi Ali Jalalvand The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the Foot Biyumikānīk-i varzishī normal walking toe-out walking toe-in walking maximum force maximum pressure |
| title | The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the Foot |
| title_full | The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the Foot |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the Foot |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the Foot |
| title_short | The Effect of Different Walking Strategies (Normal, Toe-Out, and Toe-In) on Maximum Force and Plantar Pressure in Ten Regions of the Foot |
| title_sort | effect of different walking strategies normal toe out and toe in on maximum force and plantar pressure in ten regions of the foot |
| topic | normal walking toe-out walking toe-in walking maximum force maximum pressure |
| url | http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf |
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