An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology
The aim of this research is to optimize the process parameters for nitrate adsorption from aqueous solutions using ammonium modified calabash gourd shell (CGS). Two types of experimental design (DoE) methodology were implemented in the optimization. A full factorial design (FFD) assessed the influen...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Goran S. Nikolić Nataša Simonović Miloš Durmišević Nada Nikolić Dragana Marković Nikolić Milena Nikolić Grozdanka Bogdanović Aleksandar Bojić |
| author_facet | Goran S. Nikolić Nataša Simonović Miloš Durmišević Nada Nikolić Dragana Marković Nikolić Milena Nikolić Grozdanka Bogdanović Aleksandar Bojić |
| author_sort | Goran S. Nikolić |
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| description | The aim of this research is to optimize the process parameters for nitrate adsorption from aqueous solutions using ammonium modified calabash gourd shell (CGS). Two types of experimental design (DoE) methodology were implemented in the optimization. A full factorial design (FFD) assessed the influence of the main factors on the process response. The efficiency of nitrate adsorption at the predicted optimal conditions by FFD was 78.93%. The study was extended to a central composite design (CCD) within the response surface methodology (RSM) to capture the factors nonlinear effects and optimize the adsorption parameters. The quadratic polynomial model using CCD proved to be useful for understanding the adsorption system’s behavior, locating the optimal process factors, and predicting the adsorption efficiency (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.95). The significance of the model terms (A, B, C, D, B<sup>2</sup>, and C<sup>2</sup>) is confirmed by F = 74.95 and <i>p</i> < 0.0001. According to the CCD, the optimal adsorption conditions were estimated in the range: initial nitrate concentration 10–20 mg/L, pH 6–7, temperature 20–25 °C, and contact time 25–30 min (desirability 0.996). The predicted and obtained values using FFD and CCD models are very close, which confirms their practical applicability. The repeated test found the nitrate adsorption efficiency (84.9%) using CCD model in the predicted range (80.1–89.6%), which confirms the adequacy and significance of the model. This model could find potential application in real processes for the treatment of nitrate-contaminated water using the environmentally friendly CGS cationic adsorbent. |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-c750f3c1a87342c49b97f4c8c0b166e12025-06-25T14:25:54ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392025-05-0112613910.3390/separations12060139An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design MethodologyGoran S. Nikolić0Nataša Simonović1Miloš Durmišević2Nada Nikolić3Dragana Marković Nikolić4Milena Nikolić5Grozdanka Bogdanović6Aleksandar Bojić7Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, SerbiaFaculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, SerbiaFaculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, SerbiaFaculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, SerbiaDepartment of Technological Art Studies, Academy Southern Serbia, 16000 Leskovac, SerbiaDepartment of Technological Art Studies, Academy Southern Serbia, 16000 Leskovac, SerbiaTechnical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade, VJ 12, 19210 Bor, SerbiaFaculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, SerbiaThe aim of this research is to optimize the process parameters for nitrate adsorption from aqueous solutions using ammonium modified calabash gourd shell (CGS). Two types of experimental design (DoE) methodology were implemented in the optimization. A full factorial design (FFD) assessed the influence of the main factors on the process response. The efficiency of nitrate adsorption at the predicted optimal conditions by FFD was 78.93%. The study was extended to a central composite design (CCD) within the response surface methodology (RSM) to capture the factors nonlinear effects and optimize the adsorption parameters. The quadratic polynomial model using CCD proved to be useful for understanding the adsorption system’s behavior, locating the optimal process factors, and predicting the adsorption efficiency (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.95). The significance of the model terms (A, B, C, D, B<sup>2</sup>, and C<sup>2</sup>) is confirmed by F = 74.95 and <i>p</i> < 0.0001. According to the CCD, the optimal adsorption conditions were estimated in the range: initial nitrate concentration 10–20 mg/L, pH 6–7, temperature 20–25 °C, and contact time 25–30 min (desirability 0.996). The predicted and obtained values using FFD and CCD models are very close, which confirms their practical applicability. The repeated test found the nitrate adsorption efficiency (84.9%) using CCD model in the predicted range (80.1–89.6%), which confirms the adequacy and significance of the model. This model could find potential application in real processes for the treatment of nitrate-contaminated water using the environmentally friendly CGS cationic adsorbent.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/6/139calabash gourdnitrate adsorptionexperimental designcentral composite designfull factorial design |
| spellingShingle | Goran S. Nikolić Nataša Simonović Miloš Durmišević Nada Nikolić Dragana Marković Nikolić Milena Nikolić Grozdanka Bogdanović Aleksandar Bojić An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology Separations calabash gourd nitrate adsorption experimental design central composite design full factorial design |
| title | An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology |
| title_full | An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology |
| title_fullStr | An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology |
| title_short | An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology |
| title_sort | optimized pathway for nitrate removal from aqueous solution by environmentally friendly calabash gourd shell adsorbent based on experimental design methodology |
| topic | calabash gourd nitrate adsorption experimental design central composite design full factorial design |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/6/139 |
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