Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 Modulation
Cisplatin is a widely utilized chemotherapy drug effective against various cancers, yet its use is often constrained by severe toxicity to healthy organs, including the liver, kidneys, and spleen. This study explored the protective role of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, a microalga known for...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Layla A. Almutairi Ebtehal G. Abdelghaffar Hany A. Hafney Hala M. Ebaid Sahar A. Alkhodair Aly A. M. Shaalan Heba N. Gad EL-Hak |
| author_facet | Layla A. Almutairi Ebtehal G. Abdelghaffar Hany A. Hafney Hala M. Ebaid Sahar A. Alkhodair Aly A. M. Shaalan Heba N. Gad EL-Hak |
| author_sort | Layla A. Almutairi |
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| description | Cisplatin is a widely utilized chemotherapy drug effective against various cancers, yet its use is often constrained by severe toxicity to healthy organs, including the liver, kidneys, and spleen. This study explored the protective role of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, a microalga known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, against cisplatin-induced organ damage. The research focused on modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and the Nrf2 signaling pathway. The experimental design included four groups: a control group receiving saline, a cisplatin group administered 1.34 mg/kg weekly for three months, a <i>C. vulgaris</i> group receiving 150 mg/kg daily, and a combined cisplatin/<i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> group. Cisplatin treatment significantly elevated oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide, while increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6) and reducing antioxidant capacity. Additionally, liver and kidney function markers were markedly impaired, and histopathological analysis revealed structural damage in the liver, kidneys, and spleen. Conversely, <i>C. vulgaris</i> supplementation mitigated these effects, restoring oxidative stress markers, cytokine levels, and organ function to near-normal values. Microscopic examination confirmed that <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> effectively prevented cisplatin-induced structural damage. Notably, while cisplatin increased Nrf2 expression as an adaptive response to oxidative stress, <i>C. vulgaris</i> attenuated this effect, reflecting its potent antioxidant capabilities. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj-art-c5d03fcb46d34e5e86aca0633c6e7bf92025-06-25T14:05:45ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292025-06-0115693410.3390/life15060934Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 ModulationLayla A. Almutairi0Ebtehal G. Abdelghaffar1Hany A. Hafney2Hala M. Ebaid3Sahar A. Alkhodair4Aly A. M. Shaalan5Heba N. Gad EL-Hak6Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 13412, Saudi ArabiaZoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptZoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptZoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaZoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptCisplatin is a widely utilized chemotherapy drug effective against various cancers, yet its use is often constrained by severe toxicity to healthy organs, including the liver, kidneys, and spleen. This study explored the protective role of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, a microalga known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, against cisplatin-induced organ damage. The research focused on modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and the Nrf2 signaling pathway. The experimental design included four groups: a control group receiving saline, a cisplatin group administered 1.34 mg/kg weekly for three months, a <i>C. vulgaris</i> group receiving 150 mg/kg daily, and a combined cisplatin/<i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> group. Cisplatin treatment significantly elevated oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide, while increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6) and reducing antioxidant capacity. Additionally, liver and kidney function markers were markedly impaired, and histopathological analysis revealed structural damage in the liver, kidneys, and spleen. Conversely, <i>C. vulgaris</i> supplementation mitigated these effects, restoring oxidative stress markers, cytokine levels, and organ function to near-normal values. Microscopic examination confirmed that <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> effectively prevented cisplatin-induced structural damage. Notably, while cisplatin increased Nrf2 expression as an adaptive response to oxidative stress, <i>C. vulgaris</i> attenuated this effect, reflecting its potent antioxidant capabilities.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/6/934cisplatinChlorella vulgarisoxidative stressinflammationNrf2 signaling |
| spellingShingle | Layla A. Almutairi Ebtehal G. Abdelghaffar Hany A. Hafney Hala M. Ebaid Sahar A. Alkhodair Aly A. M. Shaalan Heba N. Gad EL-Hak Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 Modulation Life cisplatin Chlorella vulgaris oxidative stress inflammation Nrf2 signaling |
| title | Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 Modulation |
| title_full | Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 Modulation |
| title_fullStr | Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 Modulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 Modulation |
| title_short | Protective Impacts of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity in Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Nrf2 Modulation |
| title_sort | protective impacts of i chlorella vulgaris i on cisplatin induced toxicity in liver kidney and spleen of rats role of oxidative stress inflammation and nrf2 modulation |
| topic | cisplatin Chlorella vulgaris oxidative stress inflammation Nrf2 signaling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/6/934 |
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