Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness
<b>Background:</b> Vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention, yet their effectiveness is challenged by variable immunogenicity, individual response differences, and emerging variants. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by natural immune processes, offer new avenues to enhance vaccine...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Biomimetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/7/439 |
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| author | Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez Laura Redondo-Flórez Alvaro Bustamante-Sánchez Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera |
| author_facet | Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez Laura Redondo-Flórez Alvaro Bustamante-Sánchez Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera |
| author_sort | Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention, yet their effectiveness is challenged by variable immunogenicity, individual response differences, and emerging variants. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by natural immune processes, offer new avenues to enhance vaccine performance. <b>Objectives:</b> This narrative review examines how bioinspired approaches—grounded in evolutionary medicine, immunology, and host–microbiota interactions—can improve vaccine immunogenicity and long-term protection. We further examine the evolutionary foundations of immune responses, highlighting how an evolutionary perspective can inform the development of durable, broadly protective, and personalized vaccines. Furthermore, mechanistic insights at the molecular and cellular level are explored, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, dendritic cell activation pathways, and MHC-I/MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation. These mechanisms are often mimicked in biomimetic systems to enhance uptake, processing, and adaptive immune activation. <b>Results:</b> The review highlights how immunosenescence, maternal immunity, genetic variation, and gut microbiota composition influence vaccine responses. Biomimetic platforms—such as nanoparticle carriers and novel adjuvants—enhance antigen presentation, boost adaptive immunity, and may overcome limitations in traditional vaccine approaches. Additionally, co-administration strategies, delivery systems, and microbiota-derived immunomodulators show promise in improving vaccine responsiveness. <b>Conclusions:</b> Integrating biomimetic and evolutionary principles into vaccine design represents a promising path toward safer, longer-lasting, and more effective immunizations |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c244ea9f2d8140bdabfb8f0300d4dc6e |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2313-7673 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomimetics |
| spelling | doaj-art-c244ea9f2d8140bdabfb8f0300d4dc6e2025-07-25T13:16:11ZengMDPI AGBiomimetics2313-76732025-07-0110743910.3390/biomimetics10070439Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and EffectivenessVicente Javier Clemente-Suárez0Laura Redondo-Flórez1Alvaro Bustamante-Sánchez2Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez3Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda4Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera5Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, SpainDepartment of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, SpainFaculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, SpainFaculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, SpainFaculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, ChileGraduate School of Business, ESAN University, Alonso de Molina 1652, Santiago de Surco, Lima 15023, Peru<b>Background:</b> Vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention, yet their effectiveness is challenged by variable immunogenicity, individual response differences, and emerging variants. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by natural immune processes, offer new avenues to enhance vaccine performance. <b>Objectives:</b> This narrative review examines how bioinspired approaches—grounded in evolutionary medicine, immunology, and host–microbiota interactions—can improve vaccine immunogenicity and long-term protection. We further examine the evolutionary foundations of immune responses, highlighting how an evolutionary perspective can inform the development of durable, broadly protective, and personalized vaccines. Furthermore, mechanistic insights at the molecular and cellular level are explored, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, dendritic cell activation pathways, and MHC-I/MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation. These mechanisms are often mimicked in biomimetic systems to enhance uptake, processing, and adaptive immune activation. <b>Results:</b> The review highlights how immunosenescence, maternal immunity, genetic variation, and gut microbiota composition influence vaccine responses. Biomimetic platforms—such as nanoparticle carriers and novel adjuvants—enhance antigen presentation, boost adaptive immunity, and may overcome limitations in traditional vaccine approaches. Additionally, co-administration strategies, delivery systems, and microbiota-derived immunomodulators show promise in improving vaccine responsiveness. <b>Conclusions:</b> Integrating biomimetic and evolutionary principles into vaccine design represents a promising path toward safer, longer-lasting, and more effective immunizationshttps://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/7/439biomimeticsvaccine immunogenicitybioinspired delivery systemsbiomimetic adjuvantshost-microbiota interactionsevolutionary medicine |
| spellingShingle | Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez Laura Redondo-Flórez Alvaro Bustamante-Sánchez Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness Biomimetics biomimetics vaccine immunogenicity bioinspired delivery systems biomimetic adjuvants host-microbiota interactions evolutionary medicine |
| title | Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness |
| title_full | Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness |
| title_fullStr | Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness |
| title_short | Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness |
| title_sort | biometric strategies to improve vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness |
| topic | biomimetics vaccine immunogenicity bioinspired delivery systems biomimetic adjuvants host-microbiota interactions evolutionary medicine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/7/439 |
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