Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort Demand
Urban thermal environment challenges in China have made outdoor thermal comfort a key factor in evaluating spatial quality and livability. Building layout not only affects internal performance but also shapes the microclimate of surrounding outdoor spaces. The climatic characteristics of temperate m...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Zhenhua Xu Hao Wu Cong Han Jiaying Chang |
| author_facet | Zhenhua Xu Hao Wu Cong Han Jiaying Chang |
| author_sort | Zhenhua Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Urban thermal environment challenges in China have made outdoor thermal comfort a key factor in evaluating spatial quality and livability. Building layout not only affects internal performance but also shapes the microclimate of surrounding outdoor spaces. The climatic characteristics of temperate monsoon climate regions significantly impact residents’ outdoor activities. Most existing studies focus solely on either the external thermal environment or the buildings themselves in isolation. This study focuses on Beijing, a representative city in the temperate monsoon climate zone, and explores block-scale spatial optimization using computational typology. The objective is to balance architectural performance with outdoor thermal comfort in both winter and summer. Optimization targets include the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), winter sunshine duration, and summer solar radiation. Results show winter UTCI can be optimized to −6.13 °C to −1.18 °C and summer UTCI to 28.19 °C to 29.17 °C, with greater optimization potential in winter (23.5% higher). Synergistic relationships are observed between winter comfort and sunshine duration (coefficient: 0.777) and between summer comfort and solar radiation (coefficient: 0.947). However, trade-offs exist between seasonal comfort indicators, with strong conflicts between winter and summer objectives. Two distinct form types—“low-south-high-north enclosed” for winter and “high-rise point-type low-density” for summer—are identified as effective for seasonal adaptation. The study proposes an integrated method combining data-driven generation, multi-objective optimization, and clustering-based decision-making. This approach moves beyond traditional empirical design, offering a quantitative and adaptable strategy for climate-responsive urban block planning and supporting low-carbon urban transformation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-be0a14ab82d34cfd9d83c40fb1d7d438 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2075-5309 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Buildings |
| spelling | doaj-art-be0a14ab82d34cfd9d83c40fb1d7d4382025-06-25T13:36:08ZengMDPI AGBuildings2075-53092025-06-011512209810.3390/buildings15122098Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort DemandZhenhua Xu0Hao Wu1Cong Han2Jiaying Chang3Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, ChinaSchool of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100000, ChinaSchool of Urban Construction, Beijing City University, Beijing 100000, ChinaSchool of Architecture, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UKUrban thermal environment challenges in China have made outdoor thermal comfort a key factor in evaluating spatial quality and livability. Building layout not only affects internal performance but also shapes the microclimate of surrounding outdoor spaces. The climatic characteristics of temperate monsoon climate regions significantly impact residents’ outdoor activities. Most existing studies focus solely on either the external thermal environment or the buildings themselves in isolation. This study focuses on Beijing, a representative city in the temperate monsoon climate zone, and explores block-scale spatial optimization using computational typology. The objective is to balance architectural performance with outdoor thermal comfort in both winter and summer. Optimization targets include the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), winter sunshine duration, and summer solar radiation. Results show winter UTCI can be optimized to −6.13 °C to −1.18 °C and summer UTCI to 28.19 °C to 29.17 °C, with greater optimization potential in winter (23.5% higher). Synergistic relationships are observed between winter comfort and sunshine duration (coefficient: 0.777) and between summer comfort and solar radiation (coefficient: 0.947). However, trade-offs exist between seasonal comfort indicators, with strong conflicts between winter and summer objectives. Two distinct form types—“low-south-high-north enclosed” for winter and “high-rise point-type low-density” for summer—are identified as effective for seasonal adaptation. The study proposes an integrated method combining data-driven generation, multi-objective optimization, and clustering-based decision-making. This approach moves beyond traditional empirical design, offering a quantitative and adaptable strategy for climate-responsive urban block planning and supporting low-carbon urban transformation.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/12/2098outdoor thermal comfortmulti-objective optimizationblock spatial morphologycomputational designautomatic generation design |
| spellingShingle | Zhenhua Xu Hao Wu Cong Han Jiaying Chang Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort Demand Buildings outdoor thermal comfort multi-objective optimization block spatial morphology computational design automatic generation design |
| title | Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort Demand |
| title_full | Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort Demand |
| title_fullStr | Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort Demand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort Demand |
| title_short | Research on the Method of Automatic Generation and Multi-Objective Optimization of Block Spatial Form Based on Thermal Comfort Demand |
| title_sort | research on the method of automatic generation and multi objective optimization of block spatial form based on thermal comfort demand |
| topic | outdoor thermal comfort multi-objective optimization block spatial morphology computational design automatic generation design |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/12/2098 |
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