An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over Africa
Climate change monitoring and analysis is a critical task that involves the consideration of both spatial and temporal dimensions. Theimproved spatial distribution of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ground-based Continuous Operating Reference (COR) stations can lead to enhanced results...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Usman Sa’i Ibrahim Kamorudeen Aleem Tajul Ariffin Musa Terwase Tosin Youngu Yusuf Yakubu Obadaki Wan Anom Wan Aris Kelvin Tang Kang Wee |
| author_facet | Usman Sa’i Ibrahim Kamorudeen Aleem Tajul Ariffin Musa Terwase Tosin Youngu Yusuf Yakubu Obadaki Wan Anom Wan Aris Kelvin Tang Kang Wee |
| author_sort | Usman Sa’i Ibrahim |
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| description | Climate change monitoring and analysis is a critical task that involves the consideration of both spatial and temporal dimensions. Theimproved spatial distribution of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ground-based Continuous Operating Reference (COR) stations can lead to enhanced results when coupled with a continuous flow of data over time. In Africa, a significant number of COR stations do not operate continuously and lack collocation with meteorological sensors essential for climate studies. Consequently, Africa faces challenges related to inadequate spatial distribution and temporal data flow from GNSS ground-based stations, impacting climate change monitoring and analysis. This research delves into the pattern of GNSS radio occultation (RO) data across Africa, addressing the limitations of the GNSS ground-based data for climate change research. The spatial analysis employed Ripley’s F-, G-, K-, and L-functions, along with calculations of nearest neighbour and Kernel density. The analysis yielded a Moran’s <i>p</i>-value of 0.001 and a Moran’s I-value approaching 1.0. For temporal analysis, the study investigated the data availability period of selected GNSS RO missions. Additionally, it examined seasonal temperature variations from May 2001 to May 2023, showcasing alignment with findings from other researchers worldwide. Hence, this study suggests the utilisation of GNSS RO missions/campaigns like METOP and COSMIC owing to their superior spatial and temporal resolution. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2813-477X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-bcac2f6c68f84e0ca7825a25db2be2f32025-06-25T14:14:48ZengMDPI AGNDT2813-477X2025-06-01321510.3390/ndt3020015An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over AfricaUsman Sa’i Ibrahim0Kamorudeen Aleem1Tajul Ariffin Musa2Terwase Tosin Youngu3Yusuf Yakubu Obadaki4Wan Anom Wan Aris5Kelvin Tang Kang Wee6Department of Geomatics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, NigeriaDepartment of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740101, NigeriaDepartment of Geoinformation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81300, MalaysiaDepartment of Geomatics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, NigeriaDepartment of Geography and Environmental Management, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, NigeriaDepartment of Geoinformation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81300, MalaysiaDepartment of Geoinformation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81300, MalaysiaClimate change monitoring and analysis is a critical task that involves the consideration of both spatial and temporal dimensions. Theimproved spatial distribution of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ground-based Continuous Operating Reference (COR) stations can lead to enhanced results when coupled with a continuous flow of data over time. In Africa, a significant number of COR stations do not operate continuously and lack collocation with meteorological sensors essential for climate studies. Consequently, Africa faces challenges related to inadequate spatial distribution and temporal data flow from GNSS ground-based stations, impacting climate change monitoring and analysis. This research delves into the pattern of GNSS radio occultation (RO) data across Africa, addressing the limitations of the GNSS ground-based data for climate change research. The spatial analysis employed Ripley’s F-, G-, K-, and L-functions, along with calculations of nearest neighbour and Kernel density. The analysis yielded a Moran’s <i>p</i>-value of 0.001 and a Moran’s I-value approaching 1.0. For temporal analysis, the study investigated the data availability period of selected GNSS RO missions. Additionally, it examined seasonal temperature variations from May 2001 to May 2023, showcasing alignment with findings from other researchers worldwide. Hence, this study suggests the utilisation of GNSS RO missions/campaigns like METOP and COSMIC owing to their superior spatial and temporal resolution.https://www.mdpi.com/2813-477X/3/2/15climate changeGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)Radio Occultation (RO)temperature |
| spellingShingle | Usman Sa’i Ibrahim Kamorudeen Aleem Tajul Ariffin Musa Terwase Tosin Youngu Yusuf Yakubu Obadaki Wan Anom Wan Aris Kelvin Tang Kang Wee An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over Africa NDT climate change Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) temperature |
| title | An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over Africa |
| title_full | An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over Africa |
| title_fullStr | An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over Africa |
| title_short | An Investigation of GNSS Radio Occultation Data Pattern for Temperature Monitoring and Analysis over Africa |
| title_sort | investigation of gnss radio occultation data pattern for temperature monitoring and analysis over africa |
| topic | climate change Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) temperature |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2813-477X/3/2/15 |
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