Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies
This study evaluated immune gene expression and locomotor behavior across five <i>Apis mellifera</i> subspecies (Carniolan, Caucasian, Syrian, Muğla ecotype, and Yığılca ecotype) following controlled <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> infection. Six days post-infection, Caucasian, Ca...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Cansu Özge Tozkar Jay D. Evans |
| author_facet | Cansu Özge Tozkar Jay D. Evans |
| author_sort | Cansu Özge Tozkar |
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| description | This study evaluated immune gene expression and locomotor behavior across five <i>Apis mellifera</i> subspecies (Carniolan, Caucasian, Syrian, Muğla ecotype, and Yığılca ecotype) following controlled <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> infection. Six days post-infection, Caucasian, Carniolan, and Yığılca bees exhibited a significant upregulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) transcripts—hymenoptaecin, abaecin, defensin, and apidaecin—indicating a robust humoral response. Conversely, Syrian and Muğla bees showed weaker AMP expression and higher <i>V. ceranae</i> mRNA levels, indicating lower immunity and higher susceptibility. Positive correlations among AMP transcripts, especially in Caucasian, Carniolan, and Yığılca bees, suggested a coordinated response. <i>Eater</i> gene expression, critical for cellular immunity, decreased in infected Caucasian and Yığılca bees, coinciding with AMP upregulation. Vitellogenin expression, linked to immunity and longevity, increased in Carniolan and Syrian bees, correlating with higher early locomotor activity. Locomotor analysis revealed subspecies-specific behavioral responses. Syrian bees maintained the highest activity despite elevated <i>V. ceranae</i> mRNA and minimal AMP expression, suggesting unique resilience possibly mediated by vitellogenin. Muğla bees, despite high pathogen loads, exhibited decreased activity. Caucasian bees showed strong immune responses but reduced activity post-infection, reflecting potential physiological trade-offs. Overall, these findings underscore the role of genetic variability in shaping honey bee immune and behavioral responses to <i>Vairimorpha</i> and support subspecies-targeted breeding and disease management strategies to enhance resilience. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bc48384ddf654742ba6c16186c20f82c |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj-art-bc48384ddf654742ba6c16186c20f82c2025-06-25T13:58:21ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502025-06-0116659310.3390/insects16060593Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee SubspeciesCansu Özge Tozkar0Jay D. Evans1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Van, TürkiyeUSDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, BARC-East Bldg. 306 Rm 313, Beltsville, MD 20705, USAThis study evaluated immune gene expression and locomotor behavior across five <i>Apis mellifera</i> subspecies (Carniolan, Caucasian, Syrian, Muğla ecotype, and Yığılca ecotype) following controlled <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> infection. Six days post-infection, Caucasian, Carniolan, and Yığılca bees exhibited a significant upregulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) transcripts—hymenoptaecin, abaecin, defensin, and apidaecin—indicating a robust humoral response. Conversely, Syrian and Muğla bees showed weaker AMP expression and higher <i>V. ceranae</i> mRNA levels, indicating lower immunity and higher susceptibility. Positive correlations among AMP transcripts, especially in Caucasian, Carniolan, and Yığılca bees, suggested a coordinated response. <i>Eater</i> gene expression, critical for cellular immunity, decreased in infected Caucasian and Yığılca bees, coinciding with AMP upregulation. Vitellogenin expression, linked to immunity and longevity, increased in Carniolan and Syrian bees, correlating with higher early locomotor activity. Locomotor analysis revealed subspecies-specific behavioral responses. Syrian bees maintained the highest activity despite elevated <i>V. ceranae</i> mRNA and minimal AMP expression, suggesting unique resilience possibly mediated by vitellogenin. Muğla bees, despite high pathogen loads, exhibited decreased activity. Caucasian bees showed strong immune responses but reduced activity post-infection, reflecting potential physiological trade-offs. Overall, these findings underscore the role of genetic variability in shaping honey bee immune and behavioral responses to <i>Vairimorpha</i> and support subspecies-targeted breeding and disease management strategies to enhance resilience.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/6/593<i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i>antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)locomotor activity<i>Apis mellifera</i> subspeciesvitellogenin<i>eater</i> gene |
| spellingShingle | Cansu Özge Tozkar Jay D. Evans Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies Insects <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) locomotor activity <i>Apis mellifera</i> subspecies vitellogenin <i>eater</i> gene |
| title | Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies |
| title_full | Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies |
| title_fullStr | Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies |
| title_short | Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies |
| title_sort | immune gene expression and locomotor activity in response to i vairimorpha ceranae i infection across five honey bee subspecies |
| topic | <i>Vairimorpha ceranae</i> antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) locomotor activity <i>Apis mellifera</i> subspecies vitellogenin <i>eater</i> gene |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/6/593 |
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