Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing Unit
We have developed an adjustable optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing unit for monitoring nasal breathing. The FBG sensing unit can accommodate individuals with varying facial dimensions by adjusting the connecting holes of the ear hangers. We employed two FBG configurations: an encapsulated FBG...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Xiyan Yan Yan Feng Min Xu Hua Zhang |
| author_facet | Xiyan Yan Yan Feng Min Xu Hua Zhang |
| author_sort | Xiyan Yan |
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| description | We have developed an adjustable optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing unit for monitoring nasal breathing. The FBG sensing unit can accommodate individuals with varying facial dimensions by adjusting the connecting holes of the ear hangers. We employed two FBG configurations: an encapsulated FBG within a silicon tube (FBG<sub>1</sub>) and a bare FBG (FBG<sub>2</sub>). Calibration experiments show the temperature sensitivities of 6.77 pm/°C and 6.18 pm/°C, respectively, as well as the pressure sensitivities of 2.05 pm/N and 1.18 pm/N, respectively. We conducted breathe monitoring tests on male and female volunteers under the resting and the motion states. For the male volunteer, the breathing frequency is 13.48 breaths per minute during the rest state and increases to 23.91 breaths per minute during the motion state. For the female volunteer, the breathing frequency is 14.12 breaths per minute during rest and rises to 24.59 breaths per minute during motion. Experimental results show that the FBG sensing unit can effectively distinguish breathing rate for the same person in different states. In addition, we employed a random forest algorithm to assess the importance of two sensors in breathing monitoring applications. The findings indicate that FBG<sub>1</sub> outperforms FBG<sub>2</sub> in monitoring performance, highlighting that pressure plays a positive impact in enhancing the accuracy of breathing monitoring. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-b51e9715ab6047dabd48117cd5d537672025-07-11T14:43:17ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-06-012513406010.3390/s25134060Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing UnitXiyan Yan0Yan Feng1Min Xu2Hua Zhang3Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, ChinaRobotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, ChinaSchool of Information Engineering, Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University, Shanghai 201514, ChinaRobotics Institute, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, ChinaWe have developed an adjustable optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing unit for monitoring nasal breathing. The FBG sensing unit can accommodate individuals with varying facial dimensions by adjusting the connecting holes of the ear hangers. We employed two FBG configurations: an encapsulated FBG within a silicon tube (FBG<sub>1</sub>) and a bare FBG (FBG<sub>2</sub>). Calibration experiments show the temperature sensitivities of 6.77 pm/°C and 6.18 pm/°C, respectively, as well as the pressure sensitivities of 2.05 pm/N and 1.18 pm/N, respectively. We conducted breathe monitoring tests on male and female volunteers under the resting and the motion states. For the male volunteer, the breathing frequency is 13.48 breaths per minute during the rest state and increases to 23.91 breaths per minute during the motion state. For the female volunteer, the breathing frequency is 14.12 breaths per minute during rest and rises to 24.59 breaths per minute during motion. Experimental results show that the FBG sensing unit can effectively distinguish breathing rate for the same person in different states. In addition, we employed a random forest algorithm to assess the importance of two sensors in breathing monitoring applications. The findings indicate that FBG<sub>1</sub> outperforms FBG<sub>2</sub> in monitoring performance, highlighting that pressure plays a positive impact in enhancing the accuracy of breathing monitoring.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4060adjustable FBG sensing unitnasal breathingbreathing frequencyrandom forest |
| spellingShingle | Xiyan Yan Yan Feng Min Xu Hua Zhang Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing Unit Sensors adjustable FBG sensing unit nasal breathing breathing frequency random forest |
| title | Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing Unit |
| title_full | Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing Unit |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing Unit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing Unit |
| title_short | Monitoring Nasal Breathing Using an Adjustable FBG Sensing Unit |
| title_sort | monitoring nasal breathing using an adjustable fbg sensing unit |
| topic | adjustable FBG sensing unit nasal breathing breathing frequency random forest |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/13/4060 |
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