Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024

The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in poultry farms across China, providing internal genes for other subtypes of viruses and occasionally having the ability to infect humans, thereby posing a significant public health threat. In this study, 61 H9N2 viruses were isolat...

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Main Authors: Wanting Zhou, Jun He, Fangfang Qiao, Mengyao Wang, Qinghang Zeng, Yang Liu, Yue Zhao, Liji Zhang, Ting Li, Shouwen Du, Minhua Sun, Ming Liao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-10-01
Series:Poultry Science
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125008223
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author Wanting Zhou
Jun He
Fangfang Qiao
Mengyao Wang
Qinghang Zeng
Yang Liu
Yue Zhao
Liji Zhang
Ting Li
Shouwen Du
Minhua Sun
Ming Liao
author_facet Wanting Zhou
Jun He
Fangfang Qiao
Mengyao Wang
Qinghang Zeng
Yang Liu
Yue Zhao
Liji Zhang
Ting Li
Shouwen Du
Minhua Sun
Ming Liao
author_sort Wanting Zhou
collection DOAJ
description The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in poultry farms across China, providing internal genes for other subtypes of viruses and occasionally having the ability to infect humans, thereby posing a significant public health threat. In this study, 61 H9N2 viruses were isolated from chickens and waterfowl in Southern China between 2018 and April 2024. We characterized their genetic derivation, antigenic diversity, receptor-binding specificity, neuraminidase (NA) activity, replication, and transmission in chickens and systematic pathological analysis. Genetic analysis revealed that 60 isolates belonged to the h9.4.2.5 lineage, while 7, 20, and 33 H9 strains belonged to the h9.4.2.5a, b, and c branches, respectively. One isolate belonged to the h9.4.2.1 lineage. Mainly tested H9N2 strains preferentially bound to human-type receptors, except one virus exhibiting dual receptor-binding specificity. Antigenicity analysis indicated that these tested viruses could be classified into 2 separate antigenic clusters. In addition, the selected viruses efficiently replicated and transmitted in chickens at a high dose induction. Continuous and systematic surveillance of H9N2 virus mutation and infection in poultry farms is crucial for early detection of novel recombinant viruses with pandemic potential and for enhancing biosecurity control.
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spelling doaj-art-b0078cad1abd4beb84c62a3c7d7832152025-08-02T04:46:24ZengElsevierPoultry Science0032-57912025-10-0110410105580Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024Wanting Zhou0Jun He1Fangfang Qiao2Mengyao Wang3Qinghang Zeng4Yang Liu5Yue Zhao6Liji Zhang7Ting Li8Shouwen Du9Minhua Sun10Ming Liao11College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhong Kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, ChinaInstitute of Laboratory Animal Science, Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Germ-Free Animals and Microbiota Application, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaCollege of Animal Science & Technology, Zhong Kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, ChinaCollege of Animal Science & Technology, Zhong Kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, ChinaCollege of Animal Science & Technology, Zhong Kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, ChinaInstitute of Laboratory Animal Science, Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Germ-Free Animals and Microbiota Application, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaInstitute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, China; Institute of Ecological Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, ChinaInstitute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaInstitute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, ChinaInstitute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, ChinaCollege of Animal Science & Technology, Zhong Kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510640, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Corresponding author at: Zhong Kai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No.388 Guangxin Road, Zhongluotan Town, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510225, China.The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in poultry farms across China, providing internal genes for other subtypes of viruses and occasionally having the ability to infect humans, thereby posing a significant public health threat. In this study, 61 H9N2 viruses were isolated from chickens and waterfowl in Southern China between 2018 and April 2024. We characterized their genetic derivation, antigenic diversity, receptor-binding specificity, neuraminidase (NA) activity, replication, and transmission in chickens and systematic pathological analysis. Genetic analysis revealed that 60 isolates belonged to the h9.4.2.5 lineage, while 7, 20, and 33 H9 strains belonged to the h9.4.2.5a, b, and c branches, respectively. One isolate belonged to the h9.4.2.1 lineage. Mainly tested H9N2 strains preferentially bound to human-type receptors, except one virus exhibiting dual receptor-binding specificity. Antigenicity analysis indicated that these tested viruses could be classified into 2 separate antigenic clusters. In addition, the selected viruses efficiently replicated and transmitted in chickens at a high dose induction. Continuous and systematic surveillance of H9N2 virus mutation and infection in poultry farms is crucial for early detection of novel recombinant viruses with pandemic potential and for enhancing biosecurity control.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125008223Avian influenzaH9N2 subtypeBiological characteristicsEpidemiological surveillance
spellingShingle Wanting Zhou
Jun He
Fangfang Qiao
Mengyao Wang
Qinghang Zeng
Yang Liu
Yue Zhao
Liji Zhang
Ting Li
Shouwen Du
Minhua Sun
Ming Liao
Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024
Poultry Science
Avian influenza
H9N2 subtype
Biological characteristics
Epidemiological surveillance
title Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024
title_full Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024
title_fullStr Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024
title_full_unstemmed Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024
title_short Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of Southern China from 2018 to April 2024
title_sort characterization of h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated from chickens and waterfowl in parts of southern china from 2018 to april 2024
topic Avian influenza
H9N2 subtype
Biological characteristics
Epidemiological surveillance
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125008223
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