Application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphate
This study investigates biodiesel production from acidic crude palm oil using one homogeneous catalyst, (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (10-CSA), and one heterogeneous catalyst, iron(III) sulphate, focusing on their catalytic activity, recyclability, and process optimisation by using response surf...
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Association of Chemical Engineers of Serbia
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Hemijska Industrija |
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| Online Access: | https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0367-598X/2025/0367-598X2500003H.pdf |
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| author | Hayyan Adeeb Abed Khalid M. Al-Saadi Mohammed A. Elgharbawy Amal A.M. Alanazi Yousef Mohammed Saleh Jehad Latiff Nur Hanie Mohd Putra Sharifah Shahira Syed Nor Mohd Roslan Mohd Alhashemi Shareef Fadhil Mahel |
| author_facet | Hayyan Adeeb Abed Khalid M. Al-Saadi Mohammed A. Elgharbawy Amal A.M. Alanazi Yousef Mohammed Saleh Jehad Latiff Nur Hanie Mohd Putra Sharifah Shahira Syed Nor Mohd Roslan Mohd Alhashemi Shareef Fadhil Mahel |
| author_sort | Hayyan Adeeb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigates biodiesel production from acidic crude palm oil using one homogeneous catalyst, (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (10-CSA), and one heterogeneous catalyst, iron(III) sulphate, focusing on their catalytic activity, recyclability, and process optimisation by using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were identified by utilising a Box-Behnken factorial design. For 10-CSA, the optimised conditions yielded a free fatty acid (FFA) reduction to 0.43 wt.%, with a catalyst dosage of 1.5 wt.% (investigated range: 1.0-2.0 wt.%), methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12.67:1 (investigated range: 10 to 14:1), reaction temperature of 59.6°C (investigated range: 50 to 65°C), and reaction time of 33.1 min (investigated range: 30 to 40 min). For iron(III) sulphate, the optimised conditions led to FFA reduction to 1.04 wt.%, with a catalyst dosage of 3.14 wt.% (investigated range: 2.5 to 3.5 wt.%), methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1 (investigated range: 10 to 14:1), reaction temperature of 60°C (investigated range: 55 to 70°C), and reaction time of 178.6 min (investigated range: 150 to 180 min). Results of the ANOVA analysis confirmed the significance of key factors for both catalysts (p < 0.05), with R² values of 0.937 for 10-CSA and 0.916 for iron(III) sulphate, indicating strong model fits. The mean relative percent deviation (MRPD) was <5 % for both models, demonstrating high predictive accuracy. The lack of fit was found to be insignificant (p > 0.05), confirming the adequacy of the models. Both catalysts achieved high FFA conversions of 95.2 % for 10-CSA and 88.2 % for iron(III) sulphate, which meets the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Notably, 10-CSA exhibited superior catalytic activity and recyclability, highlighting its potential for industrial-scale biodiesel production. This study offers practical insights into optimising esterification processes for biodiesel production from acidic crude palm oil. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-af45b1b7a89540199f295fa9b6dba9a1 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 0367-598X 2217-7426 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Association of Chemical Engineers of Serbia |
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| series | Hemijska Industrija |
| spelling | doaj-art-af45b1b7a89540199f295fa9b6dba9a12025-07-29T12:54:03ZengAssociation of Chemical Engineers of SerbiaHemijska Industrija0367-598X2217-74262025-01-01792799210.2298/HEMIND240515003H0367-598X2500003HApplication of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphateHayyan Adeeb0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3738-8198Abed Khalid M.1Al-Saadi Mohammed A.2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9278-6490Elgharbawy Amal A.M.3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-2532Alanazi Yousef Mohammed4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-5240Saleh Jehad5https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8551-7936Latiff Nur Hanie Mohd6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-5331Putra Sharifah Shahira Syed7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-3901Nor Mohd Roslan Mohd8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6521-4603Alhashemi Shareef Fadhil Mahel9https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0900-362XDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia + Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia + Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqNational Chair of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, OmanInternational Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia + Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Centre (BERC), Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaGlobal Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment (CESE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, AustraliaFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Tun Abdul Razak, Gambang, Pahang, MalaysiaHalal Research Group, Academy of Islamic Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, OmanThis study investigates biodiesel production from acidic crude palm oil using one homogeneous catalyst, (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (10-CSA), and one heterogeneous catalyst, iron(III) sulphate, focusing on their catalytic activity, recyclability, and process optimisation by using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were identified by utilising a Box-Behnken factorial design. For 10-CSA, the optimised conditions yielded a free fatty acid (FFA) reduction to 0.43 wt.%, with a catalyst dosage of 1.5 wt.% (investigated range: 1.0-2.0 wt.%), methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12.67:1 (investigated range: 10 to 14:1), reaction temperature of 59.6°C (investigated range: 50 to 65°C), and reaction time of 33.1 min (investigated range: 30 to 40 min). For iron(III) sulphate, the optimised conditions led to FFA reduction to 1.04 wt.%, with a catalyst dosage of 3.14 wt.% (investigated range: 2.5 to 3.5 wt.%), methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1 (investigated range: 10 to 14:1), reaction temperature of 60°C (investigated range: 55 to 70°C), and reaction time of 178.6 min (investigated range: 150 to 180 min). Results of the ANOVA analysis confirmed the significance of key factors for both catalysts (p < 0.05), with R² values of 0.937 for 10-CSA and 0.916 for iron(III) sulphate, indicating strong model fits. The mean relative percent deviation (MRPD) was <5 % for both models, demonstrating high predictive accuracy. The lack of fit was found to be insignificant (p > 0.05), confirming the adequacy of the models. Both catalysts achieved high FFA conversions of 95.2 % for 10-CSA and 88.2 % for iron(III) sulphate, which meets the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Notably, 10-CSA exhibited superior catalytic activity and recyclability, highlighting its potential for industrial-scale biodiesel production. This study offers practical insights into optimising esterification processes for biodiesel production from acidic crude palm oil.https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0367-598X/2025/0367-598X2500003H.pdfacidic crude palm oilbiodieselesterificationhomogeneous acid catalystheterogeneous acidic catalyst |
| spellingShingle | Hayyan Adeeb Abed Khalid M. Al-Saadi Mohammed A. Elgharbawy Amal A.M. Alanazi Yousef Mohammed Saleh Jehad Latiff Nur Hanie Mohd Putra Sharifah Shahira Syed Nor Mohd Roslan Mohd Alhashemi Shareef Fadhil Mahel Application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphate Hemijska Industrija acidic crude palm oil biodiesel esterification homogeneous acid catalyst heterogeneous acidic catalyst |
| title | Application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphate |
| title_full | Application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphate |
| title_fullStr | Application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphate |
| title_short | Application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using (1R)-(-)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid and iron(III) sulphate |
| title_sort | application of response surface methodology to optimize the treatment process of high conversion of free fatty acids using 1r camphor 10 sulfonic acid and iron iii sulphate |
| topic | acidic crude palm oil biodiesel esterification homogeneous acid catalyst heterogeneous acidic catalyst |
| url | https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0367-598X/2025/0367-598X2500003H.pdf |
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