Formation of the Two-armed Phase Spiral from Multiple External Perturbations
Recent studies using the Gaia DR3 data have revealed a two-armed phase spiral in the Z – V _Z phase space in the inner disk. In this study, we present new features of the two-armed phase spiral revealed by the Gaia data and a new mechanism to explain such features with multiple external perturbation...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adea70 |
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| Summary: | Recent studies using the Gaia DR3 data have revealed a two-armed phase spiral in the Z – V _Z phase space in the inner disk. In this study, we present new features of the two-armed phase spiral revealed by the Gaia data and a new mechanism to explain such features with multiple external perturbations. By segmenting the Gaia DR3 Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) catalog based on J _ϕ (or R _g ) and θ _ϕ , we confirm the existence of a clear two-armed phase spiral in the inner disk. Moreover, we identify a different two-armed phase spiral pattern at slightly larger radii, resembling a weak secondary branch along with the prominent major branch. At a given radius, with the azimuthal angle increasing, we observe a systematic transition of the two-armed phase spiral, with the significance of one branch weakened and another branch enhanced. This two-armed phase spiral may be due to the overlapping of distinct one-armed phase spirals. At different radii, the perturbation times estimated from each branch of the two-armed phase spiral are ∼320 and ∼500 Myr, respectively, suggesting that the Galactic disk could be impacted by double external perturbers separated by ∼180 Myr. We also performed test-particle simulations of the disk perturbed by two satellite galaxies, which successfully generated a two-armed phase spiral similar to the observation. Both the observation and simulation results suggest that the signature in the Z – V _Z phase space of earlier perturbations may not be completely erased by the more recent one. |
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| ISSN: | 1538-4357 |