Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million Records
Jingjing Zhou,1,2 Shangcheng Zhou,3 Huijing Chen,1 Xiyin Chen,2 Guanyang Zou,1 Yulin Gao,4 Shangwen Jing,5,6 David Makram Bishai,2 Jinxin Li,7 Ailin Zhong,8 Zhenyuan Liu,2 Ailing Liu1 1School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Re...
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Dove Medical Press
2025-07-01
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| author | Zhou J Zhou S Chen H Chen X Zou G Gao Y Jing S Bishai DM Li J Zhong A Liu Z Liu A |
| author_facet | Zhou J Zhou S Chen H Chen X Zou G Gao Y Jing S Bishai DM Li J Zhong A Liu Z Liu A |
| author_sort | Zhou J |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Jingjing Zhou,1,2 Shangcheng Zhou,3 Huijing Chen,1 Xiyin Chen,2 Guanyang Zou,1 Yulin Gao,4 Shangwen Jing,5,6 David Makram Bishai,2 Jinxin Li,7 Ailin Zhong,8 Zhenyuan Liu,2 Ailing Liu1 1School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 5Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 7The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 8Office of International Exchange and Cooperation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: David Makram Bishai, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, G/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China, Tel + 852 3917 9916, Email dbishai@hku.hkBackground: Little is known about the relationship between syndromes in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and chronic diseases coded by Western Medicine (WM). TCM hospitals where both WM and TCM are practiced offer an opportunity to assess this relationship. TCM, based on syndrome differentiation and treatment, may aid in guiding treatment and predicting length of stay and healthcare costs. However, inconsistent coding of TCM syndromes arises due to variations in diagnostic interpretation, subjective assessment, and lack of standardized coding practices. The objective was to assess the correlation between WM diagnoses and TCM syndromes, accounting for diagnostic miscoding in the data.Methods: We examined discharge data from 1,218,224 records for patients aged 45 and above, diagnosed with cardiometabolic diseases and admitted to TCM hospitals between 2017 and 2022, stays ranging from 24-hours to 90 days. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to measure the correlation between TCM syndromes and WM. To address potential diagnostic errors, we applied bivariate probit models with instrumental variable (IV).Results: There were 580,698 (47.67%) records for males, while 989,702 (81.24%) records from Tertiary-A hospitals. The LCA and probit models revealed that TCM syndrome diagnoses had a high ratio of noise to signal. After correcting for diagnostic errors, significant associations were found between WM diagnoses and TCM syndromes. Notably, diabetes mellitus was strongly associated with syndrome/pattern of qi and yin deficiency (coefficient = 2.711); cerebrovascular diseases showed strong associations with syndrome/pattern of qi deficiency with blood stasis (coefficient = 2.433) and syndrome/pattern of wind and phlegm blocking collaterals (coefficient = 3.176). All patterns had strong marginal effects (P < 0.001).Conclusion: This large-scale study quantitatively maps the relationship between TCM and WM diagnoses. It introduces a new statistical approach to understanding the correlation between these two diagnostic systems, offering insights into integrated medicine for secondary prevention.Keywords: cardiometabolic diseases, western medicine, TCM syndromes, instrumental variable methods, errors in variable |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ac9e8f65aad34c4785ebf1b3e2e6e93f |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1178-2390 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
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| series | Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare |
| spelling | doaj-art-ac9e8f65aad34c4785ebf1b3e2e6e93f2025-07-06T18:32:35ZengDove Medical PressJournal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare1178-23902025-07-01Volume 18Issue 138273841104517Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million RecordsZhou J0Zhou S1Chen H2Chen X3Zou GGao Y4Jing S5Bishai DM6Li JZhong A7Liu Z8Liu A9School of Public Health and ManagementSchool of Humanities and ManagementSchool of Public Health and ManagementSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineSchool of NursingScience and Technology Innovation CenterSchool of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineOffice of International Exchange and CooperationSchool of Public HealthSchool of Public Health and ManagementJingjing Zhou,1,2 Shangcheng Zhou,3 Huijing Chen,1 Xiyin Chen,2 Guanyang Zou,1 Yulin Gao,4 Shangwen Jing,5,6 David Makram Bishai,2 Jinxin Li,7 Ailin Zhong,8 Zhenyuan Liu,2 Ailing Liu1 1School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 5Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 7The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 8Office of International Exchange and Cooperation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: David Makram Bishai, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, G/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China, Tel + 852 3917 9916, Email dbishai@hku.hkBackground: Little is known about the relationship between syndromes in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and chronic diseases coded by Western Medicine (WM). TCM hospitals where both WM and TCM are practiced offer an opportunity to assess this relationship. TCM, based on syndrome differentiation and treatment, may aid in guiding treatment and predicting length of stay and healthcare costs. However, inconsistent coding of TCM syndromes arises due to variations in diagnostic interpretation, subjective assessment, and lack of standardized coding practices. The objective was to assess the correlation between WM diagnoses and TCM syndromes, accounting for diagnostic miscoding in the data.Methods: We examined discharge data from 1,218,224 records for patients aged 45 and above, diagnosed with cardiometabolic diseases and admitted to TCM hospitals between 2017 and 2022, stays ranging from 24-hours to 90 days. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to measure the correlation between TCM syndromes and WM. To address potential diagnostic errors, we applied bivariate probit models with instrumental variable (IV).Results: There were 580,698 (47.67%) records for males, while 989,702 (81.24%) records from Tertiary-A hospitals. The LCA and probit models revealed that TCM syndrome diagnoses had a high ratio of noise to signal. After correcting for diagnostic errors, significant associations were found between WM diagnoses and TCM syndromes. Notably, diabetes mellitus was strongly associated with syndrome/pattern of qi and yin deficiency (coefficient = 2.711); cerebrovascular diseases showed strong associations with syndrome/pattern of qi deficiency with blood stasis (coefficient = 2.433) and syndrome/pattern of wind and phlegm blocking collaterals (coefficient = 3.176). All patterns had strong marginal effects (P < 0.001).Conclusion: This large-scale study quantitatively maps the relationship between TCM and WM diagnoses. It introduces a new statistical approach to understanding the correlation between these two diagnostic systems, offering insights into integrated medicine for secondary prevention.Keywords: cardiometabolic diseases, western medicine, TCM syndromes, instrumental variable methods, errors in variablehttps://www.dovepress.com/uncovering-diagnostic-correlations-between-traditional-chinese-and-wes-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDHcardiometabolic diseaseswestern medicineTCM syndromesinstrumental variable methodserrors in variable. |
| spellingShingle | Zhou J Zhou S Chen H Chen X Zou G Gao Y Jing S Bishai DM Li J Zhong A Liu Z Liu A Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million Records Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare cardiometabolic diseases western medicine TCM syndromes instrumental variable methods errors in variable. |
| title | Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million Records |
| title_full | Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million Records |
| title_fullStr | Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million Records |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million Records |
| title_short | Uncovering Diagnostic Correlations Between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Using Instrumental Variable Models in Cardiometabolic Patients: Evidence from 1.2 Million Records |
| title_sort | uncovering diagnostic correlations between traditional chinese and western medicine using instrumental variable models in cardiometabolic patients evidence from 1 2 million records |
| topic | cardiometabolic diseases western medicine TCM syndromes instrumental variable methods errors in variable. |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/uncovering-diagnostic-correlations-between-traditional-chinese-and-wes-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH |
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