Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and Suppression
In response to the global imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependency, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable transportation alternative, primarily utilizing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy density and efficiency. However, LIBs are hi...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Le Duc Tai Moo-Yeon Lee |
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| description | In response to the global imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependency, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable transportation alternative, primarily utilizing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy density and efficiency. However, LIBs are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations, significantly affecting their performance, lifespan, and safety. One of the most critical threats to the safe operation of LIBs is thermal runaway (TR), an uncontrollable exothermic process that can lead to catastrophic failure under abusive conditions. Moreover, thermal runaway propagation (TRP) can rapidly spread failures across battery cells, intensifying safety threats. To address these challenges, developing advanced battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is essential to ensure optimal temperature control and suppress TR and TRP within LIB modules. This review systematically evaluates advanced cooling strategies, including indirect liquid cooling, water mist cooling, immersion cooling, phase change material (PCM) cooling, and hybrid cooling based on the latest studies published between 2020 and 2025. The review highlights their mechanisms, effectiveness, and practical considerations for preventing TR initiation and suppressing TRP in battery modules. Finally, key findings and future directions for designing next-generation BTMS are proposed, contributing valuable insights for enhancing the safety and reliability of LIB applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-abc7f9e8428a4b10b10c619630a04469 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2313-0105 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj-art-abc7f9e8428a4b10b10c619630a044692025-06-25T13:28:39ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052025-06-0111621610.3390/batteries11060216Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and SuppressionLe Duc Tai0Moo-Yeon Lee1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of KoreaIn response to the global imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependency, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable transportation alternative, primarily utilizing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy density and efficiency. However, LIBs are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations, significantly affecting their performance, lifespan, and safety. One of the most critical threats to the safe operation of LIBs is thermal runaway (TR), an uncontrollable exothermic process that can lead to catastrophic failure under abusive conditions. Moreover, thermal runaway propagation (TRP) can rapidly spread failures across battery cells, intensifying safety threats. To address these challenges, developing advanced battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is essential to ensure optimal temperature control and suppress TR and TRP within LIB modules. This review systematically evaluates advanced cooling strategies, including indirect liquid cooling, water mist cooling, immersion cooling, phase change material (PCM) cooling, and hybrid cooling based on the latest studies published between 2020 and 2025. The review highlights their mechanisms, effectiveness, and practical considerations for preventing TR initiation and suppressing TRP in battery modules. Finally, key findings and future directions for designing next-generation BTMS are proposed, contributing valuable insights for enhancing the safety and reliability of LIB applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/6/216batterieselectric vehiclesthermal managementthermal runaway |
| spellingShingle | Le Duc Tai Moo-Yeon Lee Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and Suppression Batteries batteries electric vehicles thermal management thermal runaway |
| title | Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and Suppression |
| title_full | Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and Suppression |
| title_fullStr | Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and Suppression |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and Suppression |
| title_short | Advances in the Battery Thermal Management Systems of Electric Vehicles for Thermal Runaway Prevention and Suppression |
| title_sort | advances in the battery thermal management systems of electric vehicles for thermal runaway prevention and suppression |
| topic | batteries electric vehicles thermal management thermal runaway |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/6/216 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leductai advancesinthebatterythermalmanagementsystemsofelectricvehiclesforthermalrunawaypreventionandsuppression AT mooyeonlee advancesinthebatterythermalmanagementsystemsofelectricvehiclesforthermalrunawaypreventionandsuppression |