The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set Method
In double-shield TBM tunnel construction, grouting plays a vital role in consolidating the gravel backfill and maintaining the integrity of the segmental lining. To investigate the permeation behavior of grout within the pea gravel layer, a fluid dynamics model was developed in this study. The model...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Xinlong Li Yulong Zhang Dongjiao Cao Yang Liu Lin Chen |
| author_facet | Xinlong Li Yulong Zhang Dongjiao Cao Yang Liu Lin Chen |
| author_sort | Xinlong Li |
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| description | In double-shield TBM tunnel construction, grouting plays a vital role in consolidating the gravel backfill and maintaining the integrity of the segmental lining. To investigate the permeation behavior of grout within the pea gravel layer, a fluid dynamics model was developed in this study. The model directly simulates the flow of grout through the porous medium by solving the Navier–Stokes equations and employs the level set method to track the evolving interface between the grout and air phases. Unlike conventional continuum approaches, this model incorporates particle-scale heterogeneity, allowing for a more realistic analysis of grout infiltration through the non-uniform pore structures formed by gravel packing. Three different grouting port positions and two boundary conditions are considered in the simulation. The results indicate that under pressure boundary conditions, the grout flow rate increases rapidly in the initial stage, and then decreases and stabilizes, with the flow rate peak increasing as the grout port moves upward. Under velocity boundary conditions, the injection pressure grows slowly in the early stage but accelerates with time. Additionally, the rate of pressure change is faster when the grout port is located lower in the backfilling layer. Through theoretical analysis, the existing analytical formula was extended by introducing a gravitational correction term. When the grouting port is near the upper part of the tunnel, the analytical solution aligns well with the numerical simulation results, but as the grout port moves downward, the discrepancy between the two increases. |
| format | Article |
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| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-abc23b043f1948c6bc63ea50d73e2f3a2025-07-11T14:36:57ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-07-011513754210.3390/app15137542The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set MethodXinlong Li0Yulong Zhang1Dongjiao Cao2Yang Liu3Lin Chen4Department of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaChina Railway 15th Bureau Group Underground Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225000, ChinaDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaChina Railway 15th Bureau Group Underground Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225000, ChinaIn double-shield TBM tunnel construction, grouting plays a vital role in consolidating the gravel backfill and maintaining the integrity of the segmental lining. To investigate the permeation behavior of grout within the pea gravel layer, a fluid dynamics model was developed in this study. The model directly simulates the flow of grout through the porous medium by solving the Navier–Stokes equations and employs the level set method to track the evolving interface between the grout and air phases. Unlike conventional continuum approaches, this model incorporates particle-scale heterogeneity, allowing for a more realistic analysis of grout infiltration through the non-uniform pore structures formed by gravel packing. Three different grouting port positions and two boundary conditions are considered in the simulation. The results indicate that under pressure boundary conditions, the grout flow rate increases rapidly in the initial stage, and then decreases and stabilizes, with the flow rate peak increasing as the grout port moves upward. Under velocity boundary conditions, the injection pressure grows slowly in the early stage but accelerates with time. Additionally, the rate of pressure change is faster when the grout port is located lower in the backfilling layer. Through theoretical analysis, the existing analytical formula was extended by introducing a gravitational correction term. When the grouting port is near the upper part of the tunnel, the analytical solution aligns well with the numerical simulation results, but as the grout port moves downward, the discrepancy between the two increases.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7542double shield TBMgrouting permeabilitytwo-phase flownumerical simulation |
| spellingShingle | Xinlong Li Yulong Zhang Dongjiao Cao Yang Liu Lin Chen The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set Method Applied Sciences double shield TBM grouting permeability two-phase flow numerical simulation |
| title | The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set Method |
| title_full | The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set Method |
| title_fullStr | The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set Method |
| title_short | The Simulation of Grouting Behavior in the Pea Gravel Filling Layer Behind a Double-Shield TBM Based on the Level Set Method |
| title_sort | simulation of grouting behavior in the pea gravel filling layer behind a double shield tbm based on the level set method |
| topic | double shield TBM grouting permeability two-phase flow numerical simulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/7542 |
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