Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosis
BackgroundAn increased prevalence of atherosclerosis has been observed in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to analyze levels of inflammatory, immune, endothelial, platelet, and coagulation parameters, as well as their relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsA total of 120...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| author | Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Sara Cuesta-Sancho Sara Cuesta-Sancho Sara Cuesta-Sancho Irene Campaña-Gómez Irene Campaña-Gómez Andrés Martín-Aspas Andrés Martín-Aspas Ismael Tinoco-Racero Ismael Tinoco-Racero Ismael Tinoco-Racero Mercedes Márquez-Coello Mercedes Márquez-Coello José-Antonio Girón-González José-Antonio Girón-González José-Antonio Girón-González |
| author_facet | Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Sara Cuesta-Sancho Sara Cuesta-Sancho Sara Cuesta-Sancho Irene Campaña-Gómez Irene Campaña-Gómez Andrés Martín-Aspas Andrés Martín-Aspas Ismael Tinoco-Racero Ismael Tinoco-Racero Ismael Tinoco-Racero Mercedes Márquez-Coello Mercedes Márquez-Coello José-Antonio Girón-González José-Antonio Girón-González José-Antonio Girón-González |
| author_sort | Francisco Illanes-Álvarez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundAn increased prevalence of atherosclerosis has been observed in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to analyze levels of inflammatory, immune, endothelial, platelet, and coagulation parameters, as well as their relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsA total of 120 PLWH with chronic infection and undetectable HIV load, along with 30 age- and sex-matched controls (HIV-uninfected individuals), were selected. Serum levels of proinflammatory molecules, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble CD163, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, were measured. Additionally, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-derived parameters (anti-nucleosome antibody titers and myeloperoxidase concentrations), activated T lymphocytes, endothelial (E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1), platelet (P-selectin, Platelet factor 4) and coagulation (D-dimer) markers were assessed. Cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated using the REGICOR and ASCVD risk estimators. In a subset of 61 individuals (18 controls and 43 PLWH), subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by carotid Doppler ultrasound.ResultsLevels of IL-6, sCD163, anti-nucleosome antibodies, and activated T lymphocytes were elevated in PLWH compared to controls. Likewise, serum levels of platelet factor 4 and D-dimer were higher in PLWH. Those PLWH with carotid atherosclerotic lesions exhibited higher REGICOR and ASCVD scores, as well as elevated IL-6 concentrations, compared to those PLWH without carotid atherosclerotic lesions. Multivariable analysis identified the REGICOR score and IL-6 serum levels as independent factors associated with atherosclerosis.ConclusionPeople living with HIV with long-term viral load control exhibit increased levels of inflammatory, immune, platelet and coagulation markers. Subclinical atherosclerosis in this population is independently influenced by both classic cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory activation. |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-aad3d65192a84d06b64e4f2c01f24ed12025-07-11T05:24:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2025-07-011210.3389/fmed.2025.16217651621765Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosisFrancisco Illanes-Álvarez0Francisco Illanes-Álvarez1Francisco Illanes-Álvarez2Denisse Márquez-Ruiz3Denisse Márquez-Ruiz4Denisse Márquez-Ruiz5Sara Cuesta-Sancho6Sara Cuesta-Sancho7Sara Cuesta-Sancho8Irene Campaña-Gómez9Irene Campaña-Gómez10Andrés Martín-Aspas11Andrés Martín-Aspas12Ismael Tinoco-Racero13Ismael Tinoco-Racero14Ismael Tinoco-Racero15Mercedes Márquez-Coello16Mercedes Márquez-Coello17José-Antonio Girón-González18José-Antonio Girón-González19José-Antonio Girón-González20Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, SpainServicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, SpainServicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainMucosal Immunology Lab, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Genetics (IBGM, University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, SpainServicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainServicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainServicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, SpainServicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, SpainInstituto para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBiCA), Cádiz, SpainFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, SpainBackgroundAn increased prevalence of atherosclerosis has been observed in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to analyze levels of inflammatory, immune, endothelial, platelet, and coagulation parameters, as well as their relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsA total of 120 PLWH with chronic infection and undetectable HIV load, along with 30 age- and sex-matched controls (HIV-uninfected individuals), were selected. Serum levels of proinflammatory molecules, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble CD163, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, were measured. Additionally, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-derived parameters (anti-nucleosome antibody titers and myeloperoxidase concentrations), activated T lymphocytes, endothelial (E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1), platelet (P-selectin, Platelet factor 4) and coagulation (D-dimer) markers were assessed. Cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated using the REGICOR and ASCVD risk estimators. In a subset of 61 individuals (18 controls and 43 PLWH), subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by carotid Doppler ultrasound.ResultsLevels of IL-6, sCD163, anti-nucleosome antibodies, and activated T lymphocytes were elevated in PLWH compared to controls. Likewise, serum levels of platelet factor 4 and D-dimer were higher in PLWH. Those PLWH with carotid atherosclerotic lesions exhibited higher REGICOR and ASCVD scores, as well as elevated IL-6 concentrations, compared to those PLWH without carotid atherosclerotic lesions. Multivariable analysis identified the REGICOR score and IL-6 serum levels as independent factors associated with atherosclerosis.ConclusionPeople living with HIV with long-term viral load control exhibit increased levels of inflammatory, immune, platelet and coagulation markers. Subclinical atherosclerosis in this population is independently influenced by both classic cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory activation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1621765/fullHIVproinflammatory cytokinesendothelial activationplatelet activationatherosclerosiscardiovascular risk factors |
| spellingShingle | Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Francisco Illanes-Álvarez Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Denisse Márquez-Ruiz Sara Cuesta-Sancho Sara Cuesta-Sancho Sara Cuesta-Sancho Irene Campaña-Gómez Irene Campaña-Gómez Andrés Martín-Aspas Andrés Martín-Aspas Ismael Tinoco-Racero Ismael Tinoco-Racero Ismael Tinoco-Racero Mercedes Márquez-Coello Mercedes Márquez-Coello José-Antonio Girón-González José-Antonio Girón-González José-Antonio Girón-González Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosis Frontiers in Medicine HIV proinflammatory cytokines endothelial activation platelet activation atherosclerosis cardiovascular risk factors |
| title | Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosis |
| title_full | Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosis |
| title_short | Persistent inflammatory activation in people living with HIV. Involvement in atherosclerosis |
| title_sort | persistent inflammatory activation in people living with hiv involvement in atherosclerosis |
| topic | HIV proinflammatory cytokines endothelial activation platelet activation atherosclerosis cardiovascular risk factors |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1621765/full |
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