Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil
Coconut shells are a prevalent agricultural waste product in Indonesia. Currently, there is a trend toward developing heterogeneous catalysts for the esterification reaction of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. These catalysts are made from biomass carbon. This research aims to investigate the ef...
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Universitas Syiah Kuala, Chemical Engineering Department
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan |
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| Online Access: | https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/RKL/article/view/34807 |
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| author | Maria Ulfah Pasymi Pasymi Burmawi Burmawi Amelia Amir |
| author_facet | Maria Ulfah Pasymi Pasymi Burmawi Burmawi Amelia Amir |
| author_sort | Maria Ulfah |
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| description | Coconut shells are a prevalent agricultural waste product in Indonesia. Currently, there is a trend toward developing heterogeneous catalysts for the esterification reaction of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. These catalysts are made from biomass carbon. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of using carbon precursors derived from coconut shells to create a heterogeneous acid catalyst for the esterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). Another objective is to identify the optimal esterification reaction conditions catalyzed by the developed sulfonated carbon catalyst, which exhibits the highest performance in converting free fatty acids (FFA). The coconut shells were carbonized using conventional methods and functionalized with concentrated sulfuric acid through dry impregnation. This process was conducted under various sulfonation conditions. The varied preparation parameters included the carbon-acid ratio (1:7.1, 1:10, 1:12.8, and 1:15.7% w/v), contact time (1 to 4 days), and calcination temperature (270°C, 340°C, and 450°C). The charcoal and catalyst developed in this research were characterized through composition analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and crystal phase analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The best catalyst preparation conditions were determined to be a carbon-acid ratio of 1:15.7% (w/v), a contact time of 3 days, and a calcination temperature of 340°C. The optimal esterification reaction conditions were achieved using a mole ratio of methanol to WCO of 12:1, with a catalyst amount of 1.6%, for a duration of 1 hour at a temperature of 60°C. This reaction resulted in a conversion rate of 84.6%. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a74c2eaaaeb24b80af525ea50e9cd1d7 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1412-5064 2356-1661 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Universitas Syiah Kuala, Chemical Engineering Department |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan |
| spelling | doaj-art-a74c2eaaaeb24b80af525ea50e9cd1d72025-07-14T18:59:55ZengUniversitas Syiah Kuala, Chemical Engineering DepartmentJurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan1412-50642356-16612024-12-0119213414310.23955/rkl.v19i2.3480719237Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking OilMaria Ulfah0Pasymi Pasymi1Burmawi Burmawi2Amelia Amir3Universitas Bung hattaUniversitas Bung HattaUniversitas Bung HattaUniversitas Bung HattaCoconut shells are a prevalent agricultural waste product in Indonesia. Currently, there is a trend toward developing heterogeneous catalysts for the esterification reaction of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. These catalysts are made from biomass carbon. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of using carbon precursors derived from coconut shells to create a heterogeneous acid catalyst for the esterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). Another objective is to identify the optimal esterification reaction conditions catalyzed by the developed sulfonated carbon catalyst, which exhibits the highest performance in converting free fatty acids (FFA). The coconut shells were carbonized using conventional methods and functionalized with concentrated sulfuric acid through dry impregnation. This process was conducted under various sulfonation conditions. The varied preparation parameters included the carbon-acid ratio (1:7.1, 1:10, 1:12.8, and 1:15.7% w/v), contact time (1 to 4 days), and calcination temperature (270°C, 340°C, and 450°C). The charcoal and catalyst developed in this research were characterized through composition analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and crystal phase analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The best catalyst preparation conditions were determined to be a carbon-acid ratio of 1:15.7% (w/v), a contact time of 3 days, and a calcination temperature of 340°C. The optimal esterification reaction conditions were achieved using a mole ratio of methanol to WCO of 12:1, with a catalyst amount of 1.6%, for a duration of 1 hour at a temperature of 60°C. This reaction resulted in a conversion rate of 84.6%.https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/RKL/article/view/34807dry impregnationagricultural wastecoconut shellsulfonated carbonesterification |
| spellingShingle | Maria Ulfah Pasymi Pasymi Burmawi Burmawi Amelia Amir Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan dry impregnation agricultural waste coconut shell sulfonated carbon esterification |
| title | Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil |
| title_full | Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil |
| title_short | Synthesis of Sulphonated Carbon Catalyst from Coconut Shell and its Application in Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Used Cooking Oil |
| title_sort | synthesis of sulphonated carbon catalyst from coconut shell and its application in esterification of free fatty acid in used cooking oil |
| topic | dry impregnation agricultural waste coconut shell sulfonated carbon esterification |
| url | https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/RKL/article/view/34807 |
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