Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet Communication

In this article, a high-gain axisymmetric Minkowski fractal reflectarray is designed and fabricated for Ku-Band satellite internet communications. High gain is achieved here by carefully optimising the number of unit cells, their shape modifier, focal length, feed position and scan angle. The space-...

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Main Authors: Prabhat Kumar Patnaik, Harish Chandra Mohanta, Dhruba Charan Panda, Ribhu Abhusan Panda, Malijeddi Murali, Heba G. Mohamed
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Fractal and Fractional
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/9/7/421
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author Prabhat Kumar Patnaik
Harish Chandra Mohanta
Dhruba Charan Panda
Ribhu Abhusan Panda
Malijeddi Murali
Heba G. Mohamed
author_facet Prabhat Kumar Patnaik
Harish Chandra Mohanta
Dhruba Charan Panda
Ribhu Abhusan Panda
Malijeddi Murali
Heba G. Mohamed
author_sort Prabhat Kumar Patnaik
collection DOAJ
description In this article, a high-gain axisymmetric Minkowski fractal reflectarray is designed and fabricated for Ku-Band satellite internet communications. High gain is achieved here by carefully optimising the number of unit cells, their shape modifier, focal length, feed position and scan angle. The space-filling properties of Minkowski fractals help in miniaturising the fractal. The scan angle of the reflectarray varied by adjusting the fractal scaling factor for each unit cell in the array. The reflectarray is symmetric along the X-axis in its design and configuration. Initially, a Minkowski fractal unit cell is designed using iteration-1 in the simulation software. Then, its design parameters are optimised to achieve high gain, a narrow beam, and beam scan capabilities. The sensitivity of design parameters is examined individually using the array synthesis method to achieve these performance parameters. It helps to establish the maximum range of design and performance parameters for this design. The proposed reflectarray resonates at 12 GHz, achieving a gain of over 20 dB and a narrow beamwidth of less than 15 degrees. Finally, the designed fractal reflectarray is tested in real-time simulation environments using MATLAB R2023b, and its performance is evaluated in an interference scenario involving LEO and MEO satellites, as well as a ground station, under various time conditions. For real-world applicability, it is necessary to identify, analyse, and mitigate the unwanted interference signals that degrade the desired satellite signal. The proposed reflectarray, with its performance characteristics and beam scanning capabilities, is found to be an excellent choice for Ku-band satellite internet communications.
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spelling doaj-art-a5fb0de7aadb4fa1a5720fffc4286f2c2025-07-25T13:23:30ZengMDPI AGFractal and Fractional2504-31102025-06-019742110.3390/fractalfract9070421Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet CommunicationPrabhat Kumar Patnaik0Harish Chandra Mohanta1Dhruba Charan Panda2Ribhu Abhusan Panda3Malijeddi Murali4Heba G. Mohamed5Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Electronic Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur 760007, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ACE Engineering College, Hyderabad 501301, IndiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaIn this article, a high-gain axisymmetric Minkowski fractal reflectarray is designed and fabricated for Ku-Band satellite internet communications. High gain is achieved here by carefully optimising the number of unit cells, their shape modifier, focal length, feed position and scan angle. The space-filling properties of Minkowski fractals help in miniaturising the fractal. The scan angle of the reflectarray varied by adjusting the fractal scaling factor for each unit cell in the array. The reflectarray is symmetric along the X-axis in its design and configuration. Initially, a Minkowski fractal unit cell is designed using iteration-1 in the simulation software. Then, its design parameters are optimised to achieve high gain, a narrow beam, and beam scan capabilities. The sensitivity of design parameters is examined individually using the array synthesis method to achieve these performance parameters. It helps to establish the maximum range of design and performance parameters for this design. The proposed reflectarray resonates at 12 GHz, achieving a gain of over 20 dB and a narrow beamwidth of less than 15 degrees. Finally, the designed fractal reflectarray is tested in real-time simulation environments using MATLAB R2023b, and its performance is evaluated in an interference scenario involving LEO and MEO satellites, as well as a ground station, under various time conditions. For real-world applicability, it is necessary to identify, analyse, and mitigate the unwanted interference signals that degrade the desired satellite signal. The proposed reflectarray, with its performance characteristics and beam scanning capabilities, is found to be an excellent choice for Ku-band satellite internet communications.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/9/7/421reflectarrayMinkowski fractal cellarray miniaturisationfractal scaling factoraxisymmetric designKu-band
spellingShingle Prabhat Kumar Patnaik
Harish Chandra Mohanta
Dhruba Charan Panda
Ribhu Abhusan Panda
Malijeddi Murali
Heba G. Mohamed
Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet Communication
Fractal and Fractional
reflectarray
Minkowski fractal cell
array miniaturisation
fractal scaling factor
axisymmetric design
Ku-band
title Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet Communication
title_full Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet Communication
title_fullStr Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet Communication
title_full_unstemmed Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet Communication
title_short Performance Evaluation of a High-Gain Axisymmetric Minkowski Fractal Reflectarray for Ku-Band Satellite Internet Communication
title_sort performance evaluation of a high gain axisymmetric minkowski fractal reflectarray for ku band satellite internet communication
topic reflectarray
Minkowski fractal cell
array miniaturisation
fractal scaling factor
axisymmetric design
Ku-band
url https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3110/9/7/421
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