The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian Lowland
The climate of the Hungarian lowland (Central European region, Pannonian Plain area) can be characterized by Köppen’s Cfb climate formula (C—warm temperate, f—no seasonality in the annual course of precipitation, b—warm summer). This characterization does not provide information about the human ther...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/6/647 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1839654830381989888 |
|---|---|
| author | Ferenc Ács Erzsébet Kristóf Annamária Zsákai |
| author_facet | Ferenc Ács Erzsébet Kristóf Annamária Zsákai |
| author_sort | Ferenc Ács |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The climate of the Hungarian lowland (Central European region, Pannonian Plain area) can be characterized by Köppen’s Cfb climate formula (C—warm temperate, f—no seasonality in the annual course of precipitation, b—warm summer). This characterization does not provide information about the human thermal load and thermal perception. The aim of this work is to fill this gap. We focused on the morning, clear-sky periods of the day, when the heat supply provided by the weather is the lowest. The human thermal load of clear-sky mornings was estimated using the new clothing thermal resistance–operative temperature (<i>r<sub>cl</sub></i>–<i>T<sub>o</sub></i>) model. In contrast to IREQ-type (Required Clothing Insulation) models, this model parametrizes the total metabolic heat flux density (<i>M</i>) as a function of anthropometric data (body mass, height, sex, age). In the simulations, the selected persons walk (<i>M</i> values range between 135 and 170 W m<sup>−2</sup>) or stand (<i>M</i> values range between 84 and 96 W m<sup>−2</sup>), while their body mass index (<i>BMI</i>) varies between 25 and 37 kg m<sup>−2</sup>. The following main results should be highlighted: (1) Human activity has a significant impact on <i>r<sub>cl</sub></i>; it ranges between 0 and 3.5 clo during walking and between 0 and 6.7 clo during standing. (2) The interpersonal variability of <i>r<sub>cl</sub></i> increases with increasing heat deficit accordingly; in the case of a walking person, it is around 1 clo in the largest heat deficits and around 0 clo in the smallest heat deficits. Since, in general, anticyclones increase the heat deficit while cyclones reduce it, extreme thermal loads are associated with anticyclones. It should be mentioned that the interpersonal variability of the human thermal load cannot be analyzed without databases containing people’s anthropometric data. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a39bae988c3447e8818780043a1c47a0 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj-art-a39bae988c3447e8818780043a1c47a02025-06-25T13:27:38ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332025-05-0116664710.3390/atmos16060647The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian LowlandFerenc Ács0Erzsébet Kristóf1Annamária Zsákai2Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Meteorology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Human Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryThe climate of the Hungarian lowland (Central European region, Pannonian Plain area) can be characterized by Köppen’s Cfb climate formula (C—warm temperate, f—no seasonality in the annual course of precipitation, b—warm summer). This characterization does not provide information about the human thermal load and thermal perception. The aim of this work is to fill this gap. We focused on the morning, clear-sky periods of the day, when the heat supply provided by the weather is the lowest. The human thermal load of clear-sky mornings was estimated using the new clothing thermal resistance–operative temperature (<i>r<sub>cl</sub></i>–<i>T<sub>o</sub></i>) model. In contrast to IREQ-type (Required Clothing Insulation) models, this model parametrizes the total metabolic heat flux density (<i>M</i>) as a function of anthropometric data (body mass, height, sex, age). In the simulations, the selected persons walk (<i>M</i> values range between 135 and 170 W m<sup>−2</sup>) or stand (<i>M</i> values range between 84 and 96 W m<sup>−2</sup>), while their body mass index (<i>BMI</i>) varies between 25 and 37 kg m<sup>−2</sup>. The following main results should be highlighted: (1) Human activity has a significant impact on <i>r<sub>cl</sub></i>; it ranges between 0 and 3.5 clo during walking and between 0 and 6.7 clo during standing. (2) The interpersonal variability of <i>r<sub>cl</sub></i> increases with increasing heat deficit accordingly; in the case of a walking person, it is around 1 clo in the largest heat deficits and around 0 clo in the smallest heat deficits. Since, in general, anticyclones increase the heat deficit while cyclones reduce it, extreme thermal loads are associated with anticyclones. It should be mentioned that the interpersonal variability of the human thermal load cannot be analyzed without databases containing people’s anthropometric data.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/6/647human thermal loadthermal resistance of clothingoperative temperatureclear-sky morningsHungarian lowlandhuman data |
| spellingShingle | Ferenc Ács Erzsébet Kristóf Annamária Zsákai The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian Lowland Atmosphere human thermal load thermal resistance of clothing operative temperature clear-sky mornings Hungarian lowland human data |
| title | The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian Lowland |
| title_full | The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian Lowland |
| title_fullStr | The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian Lowland |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian Lowland |
| title_short | The Human Thermal Load of Mornings with Clear Skies in the Hungarian Lowland |
| title_sort | human thermal load of mornings with clear skies in the hungarian lowland |
| topic | human thermal load thermal resistance of clothing operative temperature clear-sky mornings Hungarian lowland human data |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/6/647 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ferencacs thehumanthermalloadofmorningswithclearskiesinthehungarianlowland AT erzsebetkristof thehumanthermalloadofmorningswithclearskiesinthehungarianlowland AT annamariazsakai thehumanthermalloadofmorningswithclearskiesinthehungarianlowland AT ferencacs humanthermalloadofmorningswithclearskiesinthehungarianlowland AT erzsebetkristof humanthermalloadofmorningswithclearskiesinthehungarianlowland AT annamariazsakai humanthermalloadofmorningswithclearskiesinthehungarianlowland |