Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution
BackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that greenness may be beneficial to human health; however, the relationship between greenness exposure and childhood allergic rhinitis (AR) is inconsistent, and whether and how the link is moderated or mediated by meteorological factors and air pollutants remains...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Climate |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1539217/full |
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| author | Yabin Hu Yabin Hu Guiyan Yang Dan Wang Wangyang Gu Qingpeng Li Linling Xu Jingyi Tang Jingyi Tang Hui Wei Shilu Tong Shilu Tong Zonghua Li Shijian Liu |
| author_facet | Yabin Hu Yabin Hu Guiyan Yang Dan Wang Wangyang Gu Qingpeng Li Linling Xu Jingyi Tang Jingyi Tang Hui Wei Shilu Tong Shilu Tong Zonghua Li Shijian Liu |
| author_sort | Yabin Hu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that greenness may be beneficial to human health; however, the relationship between greenness exposure and childhood allergic rhinitis (AR) is inconsistent, and whether and how the link is moderated or mediated by meteorological factors and air pollutants remains unclear.MethodsWe conducted an observational study in Sanya, China. Information on AR and covariates was collected from e-questionnaires. Greenness exposure was assessed using satellite-estimated data based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Binomial generalized linear models with a log link were used to evaluate the associations between greenness exposure and childhood AR, presented as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in greenness, adjusting for potential confounders. Stratified analyses and mediation analyses were also performed.ResultsOf the 9,754 children included in the study, the prevalence of ever AR (EAR) and current AR (CAR) was 15.6 and 23.2%, respectively. An IQR increase in greenness was associated with an attenuated PR of childhood AR. The PRs (95% CIs) were 0.95 (0.88–1.02), 0.94 (0.88–1.00), 0.94 (0.89–0.99), and 0.95 (0.90–0.99) for EAR-NDVI, EAR-EVI, CAR-NDVI, and CAR-EVI, respectively. Furthermore, these associations existed only in boys [PRs (95% CIs) were 0.92 (0.85–0.99), 0.92 (0.85–0.98), and 0.93 (0.88–0.99) for EVI-EAR, NDVI-CAR, and EVI-CAR, respectively], and low-temperature groups [PRs (95% CIs) were 0.89 (0.80–0.99), 0.87 (0.78–0.97), 0.91 (0.84–0.98), and 0.92(0.85–0.99) for NDVI-EAR, EVI-EAR, NDVI-CAR, and EVI-CAR, respectively]. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were found to mediate these associations.ConclusionGreenness exposure seems to reduce the prevalence ratio of childhood AR. These associations may be more pronounced in boys and in low-temperature groups and were mediated by ambient temperature and relative humidity. These findings offer new perspectives for considering ambient temperature and relative humidity in relation to greenness exposure and children’s health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-991e66ee1a1c40e2a0a8073b223217e9 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2624-9553 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Climate |
| spelling | doaj-art-991e66ee1a1c40e2a0a8073b223217e92025-07-10T05:29:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Climate2624-95532025-07-01710.3389/fclim.2025.15392171539217Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollutionYabin Hu0Yabin Hu1Guiyan Yang2Dan Wang3Wangyang Gu4Qingpeng Li5Linling Xu6Jingyi Tang7Jingyi Tang8Hui Wei9Shilu Tong10Shilu Tong11Zonghua Li12Shijian Liu13Hainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaHainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, ChinaHainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, ChinaHainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, ChinaHainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, ChinaHainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaHainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, ChinaChinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaDepartment of Otolaryngology, The 942 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Yinchuan, ChinaClinical Research Unit, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaBackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that greenness may be beneficial to human health; however, the relationship between greenness exposure and childhood allergic rhinitis (AR) is inconsistent, and whether and how the link is moderated or mediated by meteorological factors and air pollutants remains unclear.MethodsWe conducted an observational study in Sanya, China. Information on AR and covariates was collected from e-questionnaires. Greenness exposure was assessed using satellite-estimated data based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Binomial generalized linear models with a log link were used to evaluate the associations between greenness exposure and childhood AR, presented as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in greenness, adjusting for potential confounders. Stratified analyses and mediation analyses were also performed.ResultsOf the 9,754 children included in the study, the prevalence of ever AR (EAR) and current AR (CAR) was 15.6 and 23.2%, respectively. An IQR increase in greenness was associated with an attenuated PR of childhood AR. The PRs (95% CIs) were 0.95 (0.88–1.02), 0.94 (0.88–1.00), 0.94 (0.89–0.99), and 0.95 (0.90–0.99) for EAR-NDVI, EAR-EVI, CAR-NDVI, and CAR-EVI, respectively. Furthermore, these associations existed only in boys [PRs (95% CIs) were 0.92 (0.85–0.99), 0.92 (0.85–0.98), and 0.93 (0.88–0.99) for EVI-EAR, NDVI-CAR, and EVI-CAR, respectively], and low-temperature groups [PRs (95% CIs) were 0.89 (0.80–0.99), 0.87 (0.78–0.97), 0.91 (0.84–0.98), and 0.92(0.85–0.99) for NDVI-EAR, EVI-EAR, NDVI-CAR, and EVI-CAR, respectively]. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were found to mediate these associations.ConclusionGreenness exposure seems to reduce the prevalence ratio of childhood AR. These associations may be more pronounced in boys and in low-temperature groups and were mediated by ambient temperature and relative humidity. These findings offer new perspectives for considering ambient temperature and relative humidity in relation to greenness exposure and children’s health.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1539217/fullallergic rhinitischildrenenhanced vegetation indexgreennessnormalized difference vegetation index |
| spellingShingle | Yabin Hu Yabin Hu Guiyan Yang Dan Wang Wangyang Gu Qingpeng Li Linling Xu Jingyi Tang Jingyi Tang Hui Wei Shilu Tong Shilu Tong Zonghua Li Shijian Liu Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution Frontiers in Climate allergic rhinitis children enhanced vegetation index greenness normalized difference vegetation index |
| title | Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution |
| title_full | Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution |
| title_fullStr | Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution |
| title_short | Greenness and allergic rhinitis in children: the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution |
| title_sort | greenness and allergic rhinitis in children the moderating and mediating effects of meteorological factors and air pollution |
| topic | allergic rhinitis children enhanced vegetation index greenness normalized difference vegetation index |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1539217/full |
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