Efficacy, Kinetics, and Mechanism of Tetracycline Degradation in Water by O<sub>3</sub>/PMS/FeMoBC Process
This study investigated the degradation efficacy, kinetics, and mechanism of the ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) process and two enhanced O<sub>3</sub> processes (O<sub>3</sub>/peroxymonosulfate (O<sub>3</sub>/PMS) and O<sub>3</sub>/peroxymonosulfate...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/14/1108 |
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| Summary: | This study investigated the degradation efficacy, kinetics, and mechanism of the ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) process and two enhanced O<sub>3</sub> processes (O<sub>3</sub>/peroxymonosulfate (O<sub>3</sub>/PMS) and O<sub>3</sub>/peroxymonosulfate/iron molybdates/biochar composite (O<sub>3</sub>/PMS/FeMoBC)), especially the O<sub>3</sub>/PMS/FeMoBC process, for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in water. An FeMoBC sample was synthesized by the impregnation–pyrolysis method. The XRD results showed that the material loaded on BC was an iron molybdates composite, in which Fe<sub>2</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> and FeMoO<sub>4</sub> accounted for 26.3% and 73.7% of the composite, respectively. The experiments showed that, for the O<sub>3</sub>/PMS/FeMoBC process, the optimum conditions were obtained at pH 6.8 ± 0.1, an initial concentration of TC of 0.03 mM, an FeMoBC dosage set at 200 mg/L, a gaseous O<sub>3</sub> concentration set at 3.6 mg/L, and a PMS concentration set at 30 μM. Under these reaction conditions, the degradation rate of TC in 8 min and 14 min reached 94.3% and 98.6%, respectively, and the TC could be reduced below the detection limit (10 μg/L) after 20 min of reaction. After recycling for five times, the degradation rate of TC could still reach about 40%. The introduction of FeMoBC into the O<sub>3</sub>/PMS system significantly improved the TC degradation efficacy and resistance to inorganic anion interference. Meanwhile, it enhanced the generation of hydroxyl radicals (<sup>•</sup>OH) and sulfate radicals (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•−</sup>), thus improving the oxidizing efficiency of TC in water. Material characterization analysis showed that FeMoBC has a well-developed porous structure and abundant active sites, which is beneficial for the degradation of pollutants. The reaction mechanism of the O<sub>3</sub>/PMS/FeMoBC system was speculated by the EPR technique and quenching experiments. The results showed that FeMoBC efficiently catalyzed the O<sub>3</sub>/PMS process to generate a variety of reactive oxygen species, leading to the efficient degradation of TC. There are four active oxidants in O<sub>3</sub>/PMS/FeMoBC system, namely <sup>•</sup>OH, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•−</sup>, <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, and •O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>. The order of their contribution importance was <sup>•</sup>OH, <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•−</sup>, and •O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>. This study provides an effective technological pathway for the removal of refractory organic matter in the aquatic environment. |
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| ISSN: | 2079-4991 |