Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine Urine
Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) are fungal metabolites with known biological activity. Zeranol, a synthetic RAL, has been used as an estrogenic growth promoter in cattle; however, its use is prohibited in several countries. Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by <i>Fusarium</i> spp., is co...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Rafael Silva Gomes Vanessa Gonçalves dos Santos Carlos Juliano da Silva Amanda Martinez Nagato Simões Eliene Alves dos Santos Mary Ane Gonçalves Lana Kelly Moura Keller Marco Blokland Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga Rafael Romero Nicolino Marcelo Resende de Souza Tadeu Chaves de Figueiredo Saskia Sterk Silvana de Vasconcelos Cançado |
| author_facet | Rafael Silva Gomes Vanessa Gonçalves dos Santos Carlos Juliano da Silva Amanda Martinez Nagato Simões Eliene Alves dos Santos Mary Ane Gonçalves Lana Kelly Moura Keller Marco Blokland Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga Rafael Romero Nicolino Marcelo Resende de Souza Tadeu Chaves de Figueiredo Saskia Sterk Silvana de Vasconcelos Cançado |
| author_sort | Rafael Silva Gomes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) are fungal metabolites with known biological activity. Zeranol, a synthetic RAL, has been used as an estrogenic growth promoter in cattle; however, its use is prohibited in several countries. Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by <i>Fusarium</i> spp., is commonly found in contaminated animal feed and can be metabolized into other RALs, which are subsequently excreted in urine. To differentiate between natural contamination from feed and the illegal administration of zeranol, the European Union Reference Laboratory for Growth Promoters (EURL) developed a mathematical equation. This study aims to evaluate the detection and quantification of RALs in bovine urine from animals fed zearalenone-contaminated diets, implanted with zeranol, or subjected to both conditions. RALs were detected and quantified in the urine of cattle consuming contaminated corn, while zeranol and taleranol were identified in the urine of implanted animals. The EURL equation proved to be a valuable tool for determining the origin of RALs in bovine urine and holds significant potential for monitoring and enforcing regulations regarding the illegal use of zeranol. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9541f79e08fb43a4b3c8a65b0b97b51b |
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| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-9541f79e08fb43a4b3c8a65b0b97b51b2025-07-25T13:37:47ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-07-0117734710.3390/toxins17070347Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine UrineRafael Silva Gomes0Vanessa Gonçalves dos Santos1Carlos Juliano da Silva2Amanda Martinez Nagato Simões3Eliene Alves dos Santos4Mary Ane Gonçalves Lana5Kelly Moura Keller6Marco Blokland7Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga8Rafael Romero Nicolino9Marcelo Resende de Souza10Tadeu Chaves de Figueiredo11Saskia Sterk12Silvana de Vasconcelos Cançado13School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, BrazilFederal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection in São Paulo (LFDA-SP), Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA), Campinas 13100-105, São Paulo, BrazilFederal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection in São Paulo (LFDA-SP), Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA), Campinas 13100-105, São Paulo, BrazilFederal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection in São Paulo (LFDA-SP), Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA), Campinas 13100-105, São Paulo, BrazilFederal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection in Minas Gerais (LFDA-MG), Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo 33250-220, Minas Gerais, BrazilFederal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection in Minas Gerais (LFDA-MG), Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA), Pedro Leopoldo 33250-220, Minas Gerais, BrazilSchool of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, BrazilWageningen Food Safety and Research, European Union Reference Laboratory for Growth Promotors, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 HB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen Food Safety and Research, European Union Reference Laboratory for Growth Promotors, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 HB Wageningen, The NetherlandsSchool of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, BrazilSchool of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, BrazilSchool of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, BrazilWageningen Food Safety and Research, European Union Reference Laboratory for Growth Promotors, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 HB Wageningen, The NetherlandsSchool of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais State (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, BrazilResorcylic acid lactones (RALs) are fungal metabolites with known biological activity. Zeranol, a synthetic RAL, has been used as an estrogenic growth promoter in cattle; however, its use is prohibited in several countries. Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by <i>Fusarium</i> spp., is commonly found in contaminated animal feed and can be metabolized into other RALs, which are subsequently excreted in urine. To differentiate between natural contamination from feed and the illegal administration of zeranol, the European Union Reference Laboratory for Growth Promoters (EURL) developed a mathematical equation. This study aims to evaluate the detection and quantification of RALs in bovine urine from animals fed zearalenone-contaminated diets, implanted with zeranol, or subjected to both conditions. RALs were detected and quantified in the urine of cattle consuming contaminated corn, while zeranol and taleranol were identified in the urine of implanted animals. The EURL equation proved to be a valuable tool for determining the origin of RALs in bovine urine and holds significant potential for monitoring and enforcing regulations regarding the illegal use of zeranol.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/347LC-MS/MSfood safetymycotoxinszeranolgrowth promoter |
| spellingShingle | Rafael Silva Gomes Vanessa Gonçalves dos Santos Carlos Juliano da Silva Amanda Martinez Nagato Simões Eliene Alves dos Santos Mary Ane Gonçalves Lana Kelly Moura Keller Marco Blokland Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga Rafael Romero Nicolino Marcelo Resende de Souza Tadeu Chaves de Figueiredo Saskia Sterk Silvana de Vasconcelos Cançado Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine Urine Toxins LC-MS/MS food safety mycotoxins zeranol growth promoter |
| title | Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine Urine |
| title_full | Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine Urine |
| title_fullStr | Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine Urine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine Urine |
| title_short | Differentiating Zeranol Implant Abuse and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. Toxin-Contaminated Corn Intake by Detection and Quantification of Resorcylic Acid Lactones in Bovine Urine |
| title_sort | differentiating zeranol implant abuse and i fusarium i spp toxin contaminated corn intake by detection and quantification of resorcylic acid lactones in bovine urine |
| topic | LC-MS/MS food safety mycotoxins zeranol growth promoter |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/347 |
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