Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis
Propolis is a honeybee product with significant biological properties, strongly influenced by geographic and floral origin as well as extraction method. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an emerging alternative for propolis preparation. This study aimed to determine the optimal UAE conditions...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/651 |
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| author | Jessica Mejía Claudia Giovagnoli-Vicuña Cristian Jacob Gloria Montenegro Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Ady Giordano |
| author_facet | Jessica Mejía Claudia Giovagnoli-Vicuña Cristian Jacob Gloria Montenegro Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Ady Giordano |
| author_sort | Jessica Mejía |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Propolis is a honeybee product with significant biological properties, strongly influenced by geographic and floral origin as well as extraction method. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an emerging alternative for propolis preparation. This study aimed to determine the optimal UAE conditions for total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in Chilean propolis and compare its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities with a conventional method. UAE was performed with varying ethanol concentrations (50–90%), temperatures (20–60 °C), and extraction times (10–50 min), keeping the solid/liquid ratio constant at 1:10 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). The optimal ethanolic UAE extract (OE) was compared to the conventional ethanolic extract (CE) for antimicrobial activity against <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays). Optimal UAE conditions were 80% ethanol, 30 °C, and 30 min. The OE showed significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) TPC (22.4 ± 0.3 mg GAE/mL), TFC (15.7 ± 0.7 mg QE/mL), antioxidant capacity (ABTS: 35.7 ± 0.9; DPPH: 62.9 ± 0.3; FRAP: 49.7 ± 2.1 µmol TE/mL), and antimicrobial activity in the evaluated Gram-positive bacteria (>15 mm inhibition halo, MBC = 3.1 mg/mL) compared to the CE. The bioaccessibility analysis revealed that the OE maintained 20.1% of its polyphenol content and 69.5%, 60.5%, and 61.9% of DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively, after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The established optimal UAE conditions generated extracts with increased polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, and bioaccessibility, indicating its potential as an extraction method for propolis with enhanced bioactivity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8fcf2f5897fc435eb8cbeecf41ea83a3 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-8fcf2f5897fc435eb8cbeecf41ea83a32025-06-25T13:23:10ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-05-0114665110.3390/antiox14060651Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean PropolisJessica Mejía0Claudia Giovagnoli-Vicuña1Cristian Jacob2Gloria Montenegro3Andrea I. Moreno-Switt4Ady Giordano5Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, ChileDepartamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, ChileDepartamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, ChileDepartamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, ChileEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, ChileDepartamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, ChilePropolis is a honeybee product with significant biological properties, strongly influenced by geographic and floral origin as well as extraction method. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an emerging alternative for propolis preparation. This study aimed to determine the optimal UAE conditions for total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in Chilean propolis and compare its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities with a conventional method. UAE was performed with varying ethanol concentrations (50–90%), temperatures (20–60 °C), and extraction times (10–50 min), keeping the solid/liquid ratio constant at 1:10 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). The optimal ethanolic UAE extract (OE) was compared to the conventional ethanolic extract (CE) for antimicrobial activity against <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays). Optimal UAE conditions were 80% ethanol, 30 °C, and 30 min. The OE showed significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) TPC (22.4 ± 0.3 mg GAE/mL), TFC (15.7 ± 0.7 mg QE/mL), antioxidant capacity (ABTS: 35.7 ± 0.9; DPPH: 62.9 ± 0.3; FRAP: 49.7 ± 2.1 µmol TE/mL), and antimicrobial activity in the evaluated Gram-positive bacteria (>15 mm inhibition halo, MBC = 3.1 mg/mL) compared to the CE. The bioaccessibility analysis revealed that the OE maintained 20.1% of its polyphenol content and 69.5%, 60.5%, and 61.9% of DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively, after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The established optimal UAE conditions generated extracts with increased polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, and bioaccessibility, indicating its potential as an extraction method for propolis with enhanced bioactivity.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/651polyphenolsultrasound-assisted extractionbioactive propertiesdigestion |
| spellingShingle | Jessica Mejía Claudia Giovagnoli-Vicuña Cristian Jacob Gloria Montenegro Andrea I. Moreno-Switt Ady Giordano Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis Antioxidants polyphenols ultrasound-assisted extraction bioactive properties digestion |
| title | Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis |
| title_full | Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis |
| title_fullStr | Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis |
| title_short | Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Bioaccessibility Properties of Ultrasound-Extracted Chilean Propolis |
| title_sort | antioxidant antibacterial and bioaccessibility properties of ultrasound extracted chilean propolis |
| topic | polyphenols ultrasound-assisted extraction bioactive properties digestion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/651 |
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