First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole
We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consi...
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2019-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141 |
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| author | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Chi-kwan Chan Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm José L. Gómez Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Junhan Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Lia Medeiros Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Tomoaki Oyama Feryal Özel Daniel C. M. Palumbo Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Jorge A. Preciado-López Dimitrios Psaltis Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu Joseph R. Farah Zheng Meyer-Zhao Daniel Michalik Andrew Nadolski Hiroaki Nishioka Nicolas Pradel Rurik A. Primiani Kamal Souccar Laura Vertatschitsch Paul Yamaguchi |
| author_facet | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Chi-kwan Chan Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm José L. Gómez Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Junhan Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Lia Medeiros Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Tomoaki Oyama Feryal Özel Daniel C. M. Palumbo Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Jorge A. Preciado-López Dimitrios Psaltis Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu Joseph R. Farah Zheng Meyer-Zhao Daniel Michalik Andrew Nadolski Hiroaki Nishioka Nicolas Pradel Rurik A. Primiani Kamal Souccar Laura Vertatschitsch Paul Yamaguchi |
| author_sort | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM / Dc ^2 = 3.8 ± 0.4 μ as. Folding in a distance measurement of ${16.8}_{-0.7}^{+0.8}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$ gives a black hole mass of $M=6.5\pm 0.2{| }_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm 0.7{| }_{\mathrm{sys}}\times {10}^{9}\hspace{2pt}{M}_{\odot }$ . This measurement from lensed emission near the event horizon is consistent with the presence of a central Kerr black hole, as predicted by the general theory of relativity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-802b2e27b50f43ffa98f5a65e310dcf5 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-802b2e27b50f43ffa98f5a65e310dcf52025-08-04T14:37:55ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052019-01-018751L610.3847/2041-8213/ab1141First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black HoleThe Event Horizon Telescope CollaborationKazunori Akiyama0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9475-4254Antxon Alberdi1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-1033Walter Alef2Keiichi Asada3Rebecca Azulay4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-5393Anne-Kathrin Baczko5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-3975David Ball6Mislav Baloković7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-6647John Barrett8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9290-0764Dan Bintley9Lindy Blackburn10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-642XWilfred Boland11Katherine L. Bouman12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-4367Geoffrey C. Bower13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-9982Michael Bremer14Christiaan D. Brinkerink15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-0749Roger Brissenden16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-0894Silke Britzen17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-6734Avery E. Broderick18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-760XDominique Broguiere19Thomas Bronzwaer20Do-Young Byun21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-4109John E. Carlstrom22Andrew Chael23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-6220Chi-kwan Chan24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-6126Shami Chatterjee25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-1502Koushik Chatterjee26Ming-Tang Chen27Yongjun Chen28Ilje Cho29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-7521Pierre Christian30https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-9941John E. Conway31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-9181James M. Cordes32Geoffrey B. Crew33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-3189Yuzhu Cui34https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-4345Jordy Davelaar35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-2434Mariafelicia De Laurentis36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9945-682XRoger Deane37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1027-5043Jessica Dempsey38https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-9667Gregory Desvignes39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-4055Jason Dexter40https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-0373Sheperd S. Doeleman41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-0904Ralph P. Eatough42https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-4135Heino Falcke43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-6724Vincent L. Fish44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-9345Ed Fomalont45Raquel Fraga-Encinas46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1361Per Friberg47Christian M. Fromm48José L. Gómez49https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-7613Peter Galison50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6429-3872Charles F. Gammie51https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-8935Roberto García52Olivier Gentaz53Boris Georgiev54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3586-6424Ciriaco Goddi55Roman Gold56https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-1966Minfeng Gu57https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-6946Mark Gurwell58https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-3621Kazuhiro Hada59https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-772XMichael H. Hecht60Ronald Hesper61https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-6098Luis C. Ho62https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-5846Paul Ho63Mareki Honma64https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-9000Chih-Wei L. Huang65https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-3953Lei Huang66David H. Hughes67Shiro Ikeda68https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2462-1448Makoto Inoue69Sara Issaoun70https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-921XDavid J. James71https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5160-4486Buell T. Jannuzi72Michael Janssen73https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8685-6544Britton Jeter74https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-1712Wu Jiang75https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7369-3539Michael D. Johnson76https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-3029Svetlana Jorstad77https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-1708Taehyun Jung78https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7003-8643Mansour Karami79https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7387-9333Ramesh Karuppusamy80https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-2919Tomohisa Kawashima81https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8527-0496Garrett K. Keating82https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-146XMark Kettenis83https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6156-5617Jae-Young Kim84https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-7183Junhan Kim85https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-9373Jongsoo Kim86Motoki Kino87https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-7338Jun Yi Koay88https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-6658Patrick M. Koch89https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2777-5861Shoko Koyama90https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3723-3372Michael Kramer91https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-2271Carsten Kramer92https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-4925Thomas P. Krichbaum93https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-9586Cheng-Yu Kuo94Tod R. Lauer95https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3234-7247Sang-Sung Lee96https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-594XYan-Rong Li97https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-9179Zhiyuan Li98https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-6437Michael Lindqvist99https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3669-0715Kuo Liu100https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-7376Elisabetta Liuzzo101https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-5201Wen-Ping Lo102Andrei P. Lobanov103Laurent Loinard104https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5635-3345Colin Lonsdale105Ru-Sen Lu106https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7692-7967Nicholas R. MacDonald107https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6684-8691Jirong Mao108https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-7195Sera Markoff109https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-0876Daniel P. Marrone110https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-1080Alan P. Marscher111https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-3332Iván Martí-Vidal112https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3708-9611Satoki Matsushita113Lynn D. Matthews114https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-8082Lia Medeiros115https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2342-6728Karl M. Menten116https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-0669Yosuke Mizuno117https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8131-6730Izumi Mizuno118https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-6264James M. Moran119https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-4414Kotaro Moriyama120https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-3761Monika Moscibrodzka121https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-6332Cornelia Müller122https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2739-2994Hiroshi Nagai123https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-3645Neil M. Nagar124https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6920-662XMasanori Nakamura125https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-2420Ramesh Narayan126https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1919-2730Gopal Narayanan127Iniyan Natarajan128https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-4373Roberto Neri129Chunchong Ni130https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-5699Aristeidis Noutsos131https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4151-3860Hiroki Okino132Héctor Olivares133https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-7580Tomoaki Oyama134Feryal Özel135Daniel C. M. Palumbo136https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-3816Nimesh Patel137Ue-Li Pen138https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2155-9578Dominic W. Pesce139https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5278-9221Vincent Piétu140Richard Plambeck141Aleksandar PopStefanija142Oliver Porth143https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-2557Ben Prather144https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0393-7734Jorge A. Preciado-López145https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-0113Dimitrios Psaltis146Hung-Yi Pu147https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9270-8812Venkatessh Ramakrishnan148https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-086XRamprasad Rao149https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-7944Mark G. Rawlings150Alexander W. Raymond151https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5779-4767Luciano Rezzolla152https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1330-7103Bart Ripperda153https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-3908Freek Roelofs154https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-3687Alan Rogers155Eduardo Ros156https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-4892Mel Rose157https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2016-8746Arash Roshanineshat158Helge Rottmann159Alan L. Roy160https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-0135Chet Ruszczyk161https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-9707Benjamin R. Ryan162https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4461Kazi L. J. Rygl163https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4146-9043Salvador Sánchez164David Sánchez-Arguelles165https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-9920Mahito Sasada166https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-9960Tuomas Savolainen167https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6214-1085F. Peter Schloerb168Karl-Friedrich Schuster169Lijing Shao170https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-8853Zhiqiang Shen171https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3540-8746Des Small172https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3723-5404Bong Won Sohn173https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-8378Jason SooHoo174https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-0720Fumie Tazaki175https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-0600Paul Tiede176https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-5648Remo P. J. Tilanus177https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-553XMichael Titus178https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-3275Kenji Toma179https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-6010Pablo Torne180https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8700-6058Tyler Trent181Sascha Trippe182https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0465-1559Shuichiro Tsuda183Ilse van Bemmel184https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-2950Huib Jan van Langevelde185https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0230-5946Daniel R. van Rossum186https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-6131Jan Wagner187John Wardle188https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-2942Jonathan Weintroub189https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-5204Norbert Wex190https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-2837Robert Wharton191https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-5209Maciek Wielgus192https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-4242George N. Wong193https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-2147Qingwen Wu194https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4773-4987André Young195https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-2682Ken Young196https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-4920Ziri Younsi197https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-1191Feng Yuan198https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-6437Ye-Fei Yuan199J. Anton Zensus200https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-3321Guangyao Zhao201https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-1659Shan-Shan Zhao202https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-3606Ziyan Zhu203Joseph R. Farah204https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-5625Zheng Meyer-Zhao205Daniel Michalik206https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7618-6556Andrew Nadolski207https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-9957Hiroaki Nishioka208Nicolas Pradel209Rurik A. 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Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 CanadaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. 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Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Data Science Institute, University of Arizona , 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USACornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of ChinaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, SwedenCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini,” Universitá di Napoli “Federico II,” Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo , Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Physics, University of Pretoria , Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstr. 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USADepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of History of Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 CanadaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USANOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., MéxicoNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan; Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 CanadaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University , Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, CanadaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering , Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPhysics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 70, Lien-Hai Rd, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.CNational Optical Astronomy Observatory , 950 North Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKey Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, SwedenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , No.1, Sect.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Morelia 58089, México; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CdMx 04510, MéxicoMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People’s Republic of ChinaAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USADepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden; Centro Astronómico de Yebes (IGN), Apartado 148, E-19180 Yebes, SpainInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini,” Universitá di Napoli “Federico II,” Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USACentre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 CanadaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACanadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, CanadaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceRadio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USAAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, CanadaSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, CanadaAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USACCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyInstituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, SpainInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, MéxicoMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering , PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of ChinaJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University , Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of KoreaMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 CanadaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag , The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAFrontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, SpainSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hoshigaoka 2-12, Mizusawa-ku, Oshu-shi, Iwate 023-0861, JapanJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPhysics Department, Brandeis University , 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USASchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UKShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of ChinaAstronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; University of Massachusetts Boston , 100 William T, Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsScience Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands; University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Systems & Technology Research, 600 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Systems & Technology Research, 600 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAWe present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM / Dc ^2 = 3.8 ± 0.4 μ as. Folding in a distance measurement of ${16.8}_{-0.7}^{+0.8}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$ gives a black hole mass of $M=6.5\pm 0.2{| }_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm 0.7{| }_{\mathrm{sys}}\times {10}^{9}\hspace{2pt}{M}_{\odot }$ . This measurement from lensed emission near the event horizon is consistent with the presence of a central Kerr black hole, as predicted by the general theory of relativity.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141black hole physicsgalaxies: individual (M87)gravitationtechniques: high angular resolutiontechniques: interferometric |
| spellingShingle | The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Chi-kwan Chan Shami Chatterjee Koushik Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Geoffrey B. Crew Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm José L. Gómez Peter Galison Charles F. Gammie Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Jae-Young Kim Junhan Kim Jongsoo Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Michael Kramer Carsten Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Lia Medeiros Karl M. Menten Yosuke Mizuno Izumi Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Tomoaki Oyama Feryal Özel Daniel C. M. Palumbo Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Ben Prather Jorge A. Preciado-López Dimitrios Psaltis Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Benjamin R. Ryan Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo Fumie Tazaki Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Shuichiro Tsuda Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Maciek Wielgus George N. Wong Qingwen Wu André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guangyao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao Ziyan Zhu Joseph R. Farah Zheng Meyer-Zhao Daniel Michalik Andrew Nadolski Hiroaki Nishioka Nicolas Pradel Rurik A. Primiani Kamal Souccar Laura Vertatschitsch Paul Yamaguchi First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole The Astrophysical Journal Letters black hole physics galaxies: individual (M87) gravitation techniques: high angular resolution techniques: interferometric |
| title | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole |
| title_full | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole |
| title_fullStr | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole |
| title_full_unstemmed | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole |
| title_short | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole |
| title_sort | first m87 event horizon telescope results vi the shadow and mass of the central black hole |
| topic | black hole physics galaxies: individual (M87) gravitation techniques: high angular resolution techniques: interferometric |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141 |
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firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT fumietazaki firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT paultiede firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT remopjtilanus firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT michaeltitus firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT kenjitoma firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT pablotorne firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT tylertrent firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT saschatrippe firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT shuichirotsuda firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT ilsevanbemmel firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT huibjanvanlangevelde firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT danielrvanrossum firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT janwagner firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT johnwardle firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT jonathanweintroub firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT norbertwex firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT robertwharton firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT maciekwielgus firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT georgenwong firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT qingwenwu firstm87eventhorizontelescoperesultsvitheshadowandmassofthecentralblackhole AT andreyoung 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