Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review
This review reports the structural characterization of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and their composites, which are widely applied in catalysis, coatings, and thermal systems. A consistent dimensional hierarchy has been reported across studies: crystallite size (X-ray diffraction) < grain size...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-12-01
|
| Series: | Hybrid Advances |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X25001472 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1839626632236630016 |
|---|---|
| author | Sukarman Budi Kristiawan Eko Prasetya Budiana Khoirudin Amri Abdulah |
| author_facet | Sukarman Budi Kristiawan Eko Prasetya Budiana Khoirudin Amri Abdulah |
| author_sort | Sukarman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review reports the structural characterization of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and their composites, which are widely applied in catalysis, coatings, and thermal systems. A consistent dimensional hierarchy has been reported across studies: crystallite size (X-ray diffraction) < grain size (transmission electron microscopy) < particle size (scanning electron microscopy or dynamic light scattering). The deviations between these dimensions ranged from ∼3 % to >130 % depending on the synthesis temperature, agglomeration, and instrumental resolution. Crystallite sizes as low as 2.12 nm have been reported, whereas the corresponding grain sizes typically exceed 20 nm. The microstrain values derived from the Williamson–Hall, uniform deformation, and Warren–Averbach models ranged from 0.06 % to 1.14 %, indicating variable lattice distortion. The dislocation density values ranged from 0.0389 to 0.224 × 1016 m−2, often correlating inversely with the crystallite size. The phase compositions confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy included anatase, rutile, and iron oxide phases. ζ-potential and dynamic light scattering analyses consistently revealed colloidal stability and aggregation. These findings highlight the limitations of single-technique characterizations and support integrated multi-method approaches alongside artificial intelligence-based calibration for reliable structure–property optimization in titanium dioxide nanomaterials. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7ffe0eeadc7e4cb1aa6411cf715d10f3 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2773-207X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Hybrid Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-7ffe0eeadc7e4cb1aa6411cf715d10f32025-07-17T04:45:14ZengElsevierHybrid Advances2773-207X2025-12-0111100523Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review Sukarman0Budi Kristiawan1Eko Prasetya Budiana2 Khoirudin3Amri Abdulah4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang, Jl. HS. Ronggo Waluyo, Karawang, 41361, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Studies Group of Sustainable Thermofluids, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Studies Group of Sustainable Thermofluids, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang, Jl. HS. Ronggo Waluyo, Karawang, 41361, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Wastukancana, Jl. Cikopak No.53, Purwakarta, 41117, IndonesiaThis review reports the structural characterization of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and their composites, which are widely applied in catalysis, coatings, and thermal systems. A consistent dimensional hierarchy has been reported across studies: crystallite size (X-ray diffraction) < grain size (transmission electron microscopy) < particle size (scanning electron microscopy or dynamic light scattering). The deviations between these dimensions ranged from ∼3 % to >130 % depending on the synthesis temperature, agglomeration, and instrumental resolution. Crystallite sizes as low as 2.12 nm have been reported, whereas the corresponding grain sizes typically exceed 20 nm. The microstrain values derived from the Williamson–Hall, uniform deformation, and Warren–Averbach models ranged from 0.06 % to 1.14 %, indicating variable lattice distortion. The dislocation density values ranged from 0.0389 to 0.224 × 1016 m−2, often correlating inversely with the crystallite size. The phase compositions confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy included anatase, rutile, and iron oxide phases. ζ-potential and dynamic light scattering analyses consistently revealed colloidal stability and aggregation. These findings highlight the limitations of single-technique characterizations and support integrated multi-method approaches alongside artificial intelligence-based calibration for reliable structure–property optimization in titanium dioxide nanomaterials.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X25001472Titanium dioxideCrystallite sizeMicrostrainPhase identificationX-ray diffractionRaman spectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Sukarman Budi Kristiawan Eko Prasetya Budiana Khoirudin Amri Abdulah Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review Hybrid Advances Titanium dioxide Crystallite size Microstrain Phase identification X-ray diffraction Raman spectroscopy |
| title | Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review |
| title_full | Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review |
| title_fullStr | Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review |
| title_short | Multi-technique characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles: Crystallite size, microstrain, and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications – a review |
| title_sort | multi technique characterization of tio2 nanoparticles crystallite size microstrain and phase analysis for nanomaterial applications a review |
| topic | Titanium dioxide Crystallite size Microstrain Phase identification X-ray diffraction Raman spectroscopy |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X25001472 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sukarman multitechniquecharacterizationoftio2nanoparticlescrystallitesizemicrostrainandphaseanalysisfornanomaterialapplicationsareview AT budikristiawan multitechniquecharacterizationoftio2nanoparticlescrystallitesizemicrostrainandphaseanalysisfornanomaterialapplicationsareview AT ekoprasetyabudiana multitechniquecharacterizationoftio2nanoparticlescrystallitesizemicrostrainandphaseanalysisfornanomaterialapplicationsareview AT khoirudin multitechniquecharacterizationoftio2nanoparticlescrystallitesizemicrostrainandphaseanalysisfornanomaterialapplicationsareview AT amriabdulah multitechniquecharacterizationoftio2nanoparticlescrystallitesizemicrostrainandphaseanalysisfornanomaterialapplicationsareview |