Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel
Thermomechanical processing has a significant impact on the porosity and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). This work evaluated the effect of three heat treatment conditions: as-built (HT0), annealed at 650 °C for 3 h with air cooling (HT1...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Patrik Petroušek Róbert Kočiško Andrea Kasperkevičová Dávid Csík Róbert Džunda |
| author_facet | Patrik Petroušek Róbert Kočiško Andrea Kasperkevičová Dávid Csík Róbert Džunda |
| author_sort | Patrik Petroušek |
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| description | Thermomechanical processing has a significant impact on the porosity and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). This work evaluated the effect of three heat treatment conditions: as-built (HT0), annealed at 650 °C for 3 h with air cooling (HT1), and annealed at 1050 °C for 1 h followed by water quenching (HT2), combined with cold and hot rolling at different strain levels. The most pronounced improvement was observed after 20% hot rolling followed by water quenching (HR + WQ), which reduced porosity to 0.05% and yielded the most spherical pores, with a circularity factor (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) of 0.90 and an aspect ratio (<i>AsR</i>) of 1.57. At elevated temperatures, the matrix becomes more pliable, which promotes pore closure and helps reduce stress concentrations. On the other hand, applying heat treatment without causing deformation resulted in the pores growing and increasing porosity in the build direction. The fractography supported these findings, showing a transition from brittle to more ductile fracture surfaces. Heat treatment combined with plastic deformation effectively reduced internal defects and improved both structural integrity and strength. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-77bd3f76b68f43c5abcc0fb914cdaf2a2025-07-25T13:30:17ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012025-07-0115778910.3390/met15070789Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless SteelPatrik Petroušek0Róbert Kočiško1Andrea Kasperkevičová2Dávid Csík3Róbert Džunda4Institute of Materials, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Košice, Letná 1/9, 042 00 Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Materials, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Košice, Letná 1/9, 042 00 Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Materials, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Košice, Letná 1/9, 042 00 Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Materials Research of SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Materials Research of SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, SlovakiaThermomechanical processing has a significant impact on the porosity and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). This work evaluated the effect of three heat treatment conditions: as-built (HT0), annealed at 650 °C for 3 h with air cooling (HT1), and annealed at 1050 °C for 1 h followed by water quenching (HT2), combined with cold and hot rolling at different strain levels. The most pronounced improvement was observed after 20% hot rolling followed by water quenching (HR + WQ), which reduced porosity to 0.05% and yielded the most spherical pores, with a circularity factor (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) of 0.90 and an aspect ratio (<i>AsR</i>) of 1.57. At elevated temperatures, the matrix becomes more pliable, which promotes pore closure and helps reduce stress concentrations. On the other hand, applying heat treatment without causing deformation resulted in the pores growing and increasing porosity in the build direction. The fractography supported these findings, showing a transition from brittle to more ductile fracture surfaces. Heat treatment combined with plastic deformation effectively reduced internal defects and improved both structural integrity and strength.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/7/789laser powder bed fusionAISI 316Lporositymechanical propertiesthermomechanical processing |
| spellingShingle | Patrik Petroušek Róbert Kočiško Andrea Kasperkevičová Dávid Csík Róbert Džunda Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel Metals laser powder bed fusion AISI 316L porosity mechanical properties thermomechanical processing |
| title | Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel |
| title_full | Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel |
| title_short | Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on Porosity Evolution and Mechanical Properties of L-PBF AISI 316L Stainless Steel |
| title_sort | effect of thermomechanical processing on porosity evolution and mechanical properties of l pbf aisi 316l stainless steel |
| topic | laser powder bed fusion AISI 316L porosity mechanical properties thermomechanical processing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/7/789 |
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