<i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical Approaches
<i>Dens invaginatus</i> is a developmental dental anomaly characterized by the infolding of the enamel organ into the dental papilla during early odontogenesis. This process leads to a broad spectrum of anatomical variations, ranging from minor enamel-lined pits confined to the crown to...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Abayomi O. Baruwa Craig Anderson Adam Monroe Flávia Cracel Nogueira Luís Corte-Real Jorge N. R. Martins |
| author_facet | Abayomi O. Baruwa Craig Anderson Adam Monroe Flávia Cracel Nogueira Luís Corte-Real Jorge N. R. Martins |
| author_sort | Abayomi O. Baruwa |
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| description | <i>Dens invaginatus</i> is a developmental dental anomaly characterized by the infolding of the enamel organ into the dental papilla during early odontogenesis. This process leads to a broad spectrum of anatomical variations, ranging from minor enamel-lined pits confined to the crown to deep invaginations extending through the root, occasionally communicating with periodontal or periapical tissues. The internal complexity of affected teeth presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in severe forms that mimic root canal systems or are associated with pulpal or periapical pathology. Maxillary lateral incisors are most frequently affected, likely due to their unique developmental timeline and morphological susceptibility. Although various classification systems have been proposed, Oehlers’ classification remains the most clinically relevant due to its simplicity and correlation with treatment complexity. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging, especially cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), have revolutionized the identification and classification of these anomalies. CBCT-based adaptations of Oehlers’ classification allow for the precise assessment of invagination extent and pulpal involvement, facilitating improved treatment planning. Contemporary therapeutic strategies now include calcium-silicate-based cement sealing materials, endodontic microsurgery for inaccessible anatomy, and regenerative endodontic procedures for immature teeth with necrotic pulps. Emerging developments in artificial intelligence, genetic research, and tissue engineering promise to further refine diagnostic capabilities and treatment options. Early detection remains critical to prevent complications such as pulpal necrosis or apical disease. A multidisciplinary, image-guided, and patient-centered approach is essential for optimizing clinical outcomes in cases of <i>dens invaginatus</i>. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-652bca0cca944fe48fb86c963ed1e3d2 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj-art-652bca0cca944fe48fb86c963ed1e3d22025-07-25T13:29:37ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442025-07-01617128110.3390/medicina61071281<i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical ApproachesAbayomi O. Baruwa0Craig Anderson1Adam Monroe2Flávia Cracel Nogueira3Luís Corte-Real4Jorge N. R. Martins5Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab EmiratesPrivate Practice, Biloxi, MS 39532, USAPrivate Practice, Vista, CA 92083, USAPrivate Practice, 4700-262 Braga, PortugalDepartment of Endodontics, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, PortugalFaculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal<i>Dens invaginatus</i> is a developmental dental anomaly characterized by the infolding of the enamel organ into the dental papilla during early odontogenesis. This process leads to a broad spectrum of anatomical variations, ranging from minor enamel-lined pits confined to the crown to deep invaginations extending through the root, occasionally communicating with periodontal or periapical tissues. The internal complexity of affected teeth presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in severe forms that mimic root canal systems or are associated with pulpal or periapical pathology. Maxillary lateral incisors are most frequently affected, likely due to their unique developmental timeline and morphological susceptibility. Although various classification systems have been proposed, Oehlers’ classification remains the most clinically relevant due to its simplicity and correlation with treatment complexity. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging, especially cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), have revolutionized the identification and classification of these anomalies. CBCT-based adaptations of Oehlers’ classification allow for the precise assessment of invagination extent and pulpal involvement, facilitating improved treatment planning. Contemporary therapeutic strategies now include calcium-silicate-based cement sealing materials, endodontic microsurgery for inaccessible anatomy, and regenerative endodontic procedures for immature teeth with necrotic pulps. Emerging developments in artificial intelligence, genetic research, and tissue engineering promise to further refine diagnostic capabilities and treatment options. Early detection remains critical to prevent complications such as pulpal necrosis or apical disease. A multidisciplinary, image-guided, and patient-centered approach is essential for optimizing clinical outcomes in cases of <i>dens invaginatus</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/61/7/1281<i>dens invaginatus</i>endodonticsdental anomalyroot canal therapytreatment |
| spellingShingle | Abayomi O. Baruwa Craig Anderson Adam Monroe Flávia Cracel Nogueira Luís Corte-Real Jorge N. R. Martins <i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical Approaches Medicina <i>dens invaginatus</i> endodontics dental anomaly root canal therapy treatment |
| title | <i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical Approaches |
| title_full | <i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical Approaches |
| title_fullStr | <i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical Approaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical Approaches |
| title_short | <i>Dens Invaginatus</i>: A Comprehensive Review of Classification and Clinical Approaches |
| title_sort | i dens invaginatus i a comprehensive review of classification and clinical approaches |
| topic | <i>dens invaginatus</i> endodontics dental anomaly root canal therapy treatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/61/7/1281 |
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