A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan Distance
Accurate and early detection of plant diseases is essential for effective management and the advancement of sustainable smart agriculture. However, building large annotated datasets for disease classification is often costly and time-consuming, requiring expert input. To address this challenge, this...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Guifu Ma Seyed Mohamad Javidan Yiannis Ampatzidis Zhao Zhang |
| author_facet | Guifu Ma Seyed Mohamad Javidan Yiannis Ampatzidis Zhao Zhang |
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| description | Accurate and early detection of plant diseases is essential for effective management and the advancement of sustainable smart agriculture. However, building large annotated datasets for disease classification is often costly and time-consuming, requiring expert input. To address this challenge, this study explores the integration of few-shot learning with hyperspectral imaging to detect four major fungal diseases in tomato plants: <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Alternaria solani</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>. Following inoculation, hyperspectral images were captured every other day from Day 1 to Day 7 post inoculation. The proposed hybrid method includes three main steps: (1) preprocessing of hyperspectral image cubes, (2) deep feature extraction using the EfficientNet model, and (3) classification using Manhattan distance within a few-shot learning framework. This combination leverages the strengths of both spectral imaging and deep learning for robust detection with minimal data. The few-shot learning approach achieved high detection accuracies of 85.73%, 80.05%, 90.33%, and 82.09% for <i>A. alternata</i>, <i>A. solani</i>, <i>B. cinerea</i>, and <i>F. oxysporum</i>, respectively, based on data collected on Day 7 post inoculation using only three training images per class. Accuracy improved over time, reflecting the progressive nature of symptom development and the model’s adaptability with limited data. Notably, <i>A. alternata</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i> were reliably detected by Day 3, while <i>A. solani</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i> reached dependable detection levels by Day 5. Routine visual assessments showed that <i>A. alternata</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i> developed visible symptoms by Day 5, whereas <i>A. solani</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i> remained asymptomatic until Day 7. The model’s ability to detect infections up to two days before visual symptoms emerged highlights its value for pre-symptomatic diagnosis. These findings support the use of few-shot learning and hyperspectral imaging for early, accurate disease detection, offering a practical solution for precision agriculture and timely intervention. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-458e3fb8c14f48a19a3764d29cee82c62025-07-25T13:35:55ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-07-012514428510.3390/s25144285A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan DistanceGuifu Ma0Seyed Mohamad Javidan1Yiannis Ampatzidis2Zhao Zhang3Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, ChinaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, IranAgricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USAKey Laboratory of Smart Agriculture System Integration, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaAccurate and early detection of plant diseases is essential for effective management and the advancement of sustainable smart agriculture. However, building large annotated datasets for disease classification is often costly and time-consuming, requiring expert input. To address this challenge, this study explores the integration of few-shot learning with hyperspectral imaging to detect four major fungal diseases in tomato plants: <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Alternaria solani</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>. Following inoculation, hyperspectral images were captured every other day from Day 1 to Day 7 post inoculation. The proposed hybrid method includes three main steps: (1) preprocessing of hyperspectral image cubes, (2) deep feature extraction using the EfficientNet model, and (3) classification using Manhattan distance within a few-shot learning framework. This combination leverages the strengths of both spectral imaging and deep learning for robust detection with minimal data. The few-shot learning approach achieved high detection accuracies of 85.73%, 80.05%, 90.33%, and 82.09% for <i>A. alternata</i>, <i>A. solani</i>, <i>B. cinerea</i>, and <i>F. oxysporum</i>, respectively, based on data collected on Day 7 post inoculation using only three training images per class. Accuracy improved over time, reflecting the progressive nature of symptom development and the model’s adaptability with limited data. Notably, <i>A. alternata</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i> were reliably detected by Day 3, while <i>A. solani</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i> reached dependable detection levels by Day 5. Routine visual assessments showed that <i>A. alternata</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i> developed visible symptoms by Day 5, whereas <i>A. solani</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i> remained asymptomatic until Day 7. The model’s ability to detect infections up to two days before visual symptoms emerged highlights its value for pre-symptomatic diagnosis. These findings support the use of few-shot learning and hyperspectral imaging for early, accurate disease detection, offering a practical solution for precision agriculture and timely intervention.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4285deep feature extractionearly disease detectionhyperspectral imagesone-shot and few-shot learningprecision agriculturetomato fungal diseases |
| spellingShingle | Guifu Ma Seyed Mohamad Javidan Yiannis Ampatzidis Zhao Zhang A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan Distance Sensors deep feature extraction early disease detection hyperspectral images one-shot and few-shot learning precision agriculture tomato fungal diseases |
| title | A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan Distance |
| title_full | A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan Distance |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan Distance |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan Distance |
| title_short | A Novel Hybrid Technique for Detecting and Classifying Hyperspectral Images of Tomato Fungal Diseases Based on Deep Feature Extraction and Manhattan Distance |
| title_sort | novel hybrid technique for detecting and classifying hyperspectral images of tomato fungal diseases based on deep feature extraction and manhattan distance |
| topic | deep feature extraction early disease detection hyperspectral images one-shot and few-shot learning precision agriculture tomato fungal diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4285 |
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