A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged Birds
ABSTRACT Anthropogenic activities threaten many wildlife populations by increasing mortality rates, making it crucial to identify the locations and causes of mortality to inform conservation actions. Technological advancements, such as GPS satellite tracking, enable precise recording of wildlife mov...
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2025-04-01
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| Series: | Ecology and Evolution |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70975 |
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| author | Connor T. Panter Carina Nebel Maximilian Raab Verena Strauss Clara Freytag Manuel Wojta Hannah Böing Patrick Hacker Rainhard Raab Jendrik Windt Annika Posautz Anna Kuebber‐Heiss Patrick Scherler Martin U. Grüebler Urs G. Kormann Martin Kolbe Alexandre Millon Javier de laPuente Javier Viñuela Duncan Orr‐Ewing Oliver Krone Torsten Langgemach Susanne Åkesson Brady Mattsson Petra Sumasgutner Manuel Alcántara de la Fuente Ernesto Alvarez Juan Arizaga Albert Bach Pagès Ana Bermejo Guido Ceccolini Nayden Chakarov Peter Derpmann‐Hagenström Marek Dostál Gerd Fabian Wolfgang Fiedler Manuel Galán Clément Ganier Andreas Gärtner Liza Glesener Alfonso Godino Zuzana Guziová László Haraszthy Caka Karlsson Katharina Klein Ivan Literák Nicolas Lorenzini Manuela Löwold Christopher Lüning Boris Maderič Karel Makoň Kerstin Mammen Ubbo Mammen Torsten Marczak Hynek Matušík Aymeric Mionnet Sara Morollón Jakub Mráz Winfried Nachtigall Bernd Nicolai Marta Olalde Fernández Meinolf Ottensmann María Jesús Palacios González Jean‐Yves Paquet Vladimír Pečeňák Lubomír Peške Thomas Pfeiffer Robert Pudwill Dušan Rak Tim Maximilian Rapp Alexander Resetaritz Stef vanRijn Romain Riols Arturo Rodríguez Luisa Scholze Laura Schulte Aurélie deSeynes Jan Škrábal Péter Spakovszky Eike Steinborn Ján Svetlík Samuel Talhoet Miklós Vaczi Anne‐Gaelle Verdier Zdenĕk Vermouzek Diego Villanúa Inglada Jörg Westphal Rainer Raab |
| author_facet | Connor T. Panter Carina Nebel Maximilian Raab Verena Strauss Clara Freytag Manuel Wojta Hannah Böing Patrick Hacker Rainhard Raab Jendrik Windt Annika Posautz Anna Kuebber‐Heiss Patrick Scherler Martin U. Grüebler Urs G. Kormann Martin Kolbe Alexandre Millon Javier de laPuente Javier Viñuela Duncan Orr‐Ewing Oliver Krone Torsten Langgemach Susanne Åkesson Brady Mattsson Petra Sumasgutner Manuel Alcántara de la Fuente Ernesto Alvarez Juan Arizaga Albert Bach Pagès Ana Bermejo Guido Ceccolini Nayden Chakarov Peter Derpmann‐Hagenström Marek Dostál Gerd Fabian Wolfgang Fiedler Manuel Galán Clément Ganier Andreas Gärtner Liza Glesener Alfonso Godino Zuzana Guziová László Haraszthy Caka Karlsson Katharina Klein Ivan Literák Nicolas Lorenzini Manuela Löwold Christopher Lüning Boris Maderič Karel Makoň Kerstin Mammen Ubbo Mammen Torsten Marczak Hynek Matušík Aymeric Mionnet Sara Morollón Jakub Mráz Winfried Nachtigall Bernd Nicolai Marta Olalde Fernández Meinolf Ottensmann María Jesús Palacios González Jean‐Yves Paquet Vladimír Pečeňák Lubomír Peške Thomas Pfeiffer Robert Pudwill Dušan Rak Tim Maximilian Rapp Alexander Resetaritz Stef vanRijn Romain Riols Arturo Rodríguez Luisa Scholze Laura Schulte Aurélie deSeynes Jan Škrábal Péter Spakovszky Eike Steinborn Ján Svetlík Samuel Talhoet Miklós Vaczi Anne‐Gaelle Verdier Zdenĕk Vermouzek Diego Villanúa Inglada Jörg Westphal Rainer Raab |
| author_sort | Connor T. Panter |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Anthropogenic activities threaten many wildlife populations by increasing mortality rates, making it crucial to identify the locations and causes of mortality to inform conservation actions. Technological advancements, such as GPS satellite tracking, enable precise recording of wildlife movements. High‐resolution data from such devices can facilitate rapid carcass recovery and provide insights into the mortality causes of tagged individuals. Obtaining required information to determine these causes is complex, and standardized approaches can overcome these limitations. In this study, we introduce the LIFE EUROKITE Assessment Protocol (LEAP), a framework for determining the timing, locations, and causes of mortality in GPS‐tagged birds. LEAP is a multifaceted approach that integrates: (1) GPS tracking data, (2) evidence from the mortality location (site investigation), and (3) necropsy results to derive the mortality cause and a corresponding certainty score. We supplement the detailed description of LEAP with case studies assessing its effectiveness. Using 329 deceased GPS‐tagged red kites (Milvus milvus) we compared conditions of the carcasses processed using LEAP with 145 opportunistically collected raptor carcasses. We also show that LEAP improves carcass condition and therefore allows for higher quality necropsy results. Additionally, we assessed how availability among sources of information (tracking, site investigation and necropsy) influences the quality of mortality assessments. Applying LEAP with all data sources provided the highest quality assessments in 64% of cases. Some 35% of cases were of high quality without necropsy, instead drawing evidence only from tracking data and site investigations. Predation related mortality was less prevalent (11%) when relying on necropsy compared to cases without necropsy (36%), while poisoning showed the opposite trend. Furthermore, we provide guidelines and empirical examples of mortality assessments. Our standardized LEAP approach ensures the best use of all available information regarding mortality events in GPS‐tagged birds and advances wildlife mortality research as a valuable tool for conservationists and wildlife managers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-33d18cdacc6941fc8b5d0dc13b9fb8c7 |
| institution | Matheson Library |
| issn | 2045-7758 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj-art-33d18cdacc6941fc8b5d0dc13b9fb8c72025-06-27T10:07:15ZengWileyEcology and Evolution2045-77582025-04-01154n/an/a10.1002/ece3.70975A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged BirdsConnor T. Panter0Carina Nebel1Maximilian Raab2Verena Strauss3Clara Freytag4Manuel Wojta5Hannah Böing6Patrick Hacker7Rainhard Raab8Jendrik Windt9Annika Posautz10Anna Kuebber‐Heiss11Patrick Scherler12Martin U. Grüebler13Urs G. Kormann14Martin Kolbe15Alexandre Millon16Javier de laPuente17Javier Viñuela18Duncan Orr‐Ewing19Oliver Krone20Torsten Langgemach21Susanne Åkesson22Brady Mattsson23Petra Sumasgutner24Manuel Alcántara de la Fuente25Ernesto Alvarez26Juan Arizaga27Albert Bach Pagès28Ana Bermejo29Guido Ceccolini30Nayden Chakarov31Peter Derpmann‐Hagenström32Marek Dostál33Gerd Fabian34Wolfgang Fiedler35Manuel Galán36Clément Ganier37Andreas Gärtner38Liza Glesener39Alfonso Godino40Zuzana Guziová41László Haraszthy42Caka Karlsson43Katharina Klein44Ivan Literák45Nicolas Lorenzini46Manuela Löwold47Christopher Lüning48Boris Maderič49Karel Makoň50Kerstin Mammen51Ubbo Mammen52Torsten Marczak53Hynek Matušík54Aymeric Mionnet55Sara Morollón56Jakub Mráz57Winfried Nachtigall58Bernd Nicolai59Marta Olalde Fernández60Meinolf Ottensmann61María Jesús Palacios González62Jean‐Yves Paquet63Vladimír Pečeňák64Lubomír Peške65Thomas Pfeiffer66Robert Pudwill67Dušan Rak68Tim Maximilian Rapp69Alexander Resetaritz70Stef vanRijn71Romain Riols72Arturo Rodríguez73Luisa Scholze74Laura Schulte75Aurélie deSeynes76Jan Škrábal77Péter Spakovszky78Eike Steinborn79Ján Svetlík80Samuel Talhoet81Miklós Vaczi82Anne‐Gaelle Verdier83Zdenĕk Vermouzek84Diego Villanúa Inglada85Jörg Westphal86Rainer Raab87School of Geography University Park Campus, University of Nottingham Nottingham UKDepartment of Biology University of Turku Turku FinlandTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaInstitute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna AustriaResearch Institute of Wildlife Ecology Department for Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Vienna AustriaResearch Institute of Wildlife Ecology Department for Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Vienna AustriaSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach SwitzerlandSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach SwitzerlandSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach SwitzerlandRotmilanzentrum Am Heineanum Halberstadt GermanyAix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD Avignon Univ, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Écologie Aix‑en‑Provence FranceIndependent Researcher Madrid SpainInstituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC‐CSIC‐UCLM‐JCCM) Ciudad Real SpainRSPB Scotland Edinburgh Scotland UKLeibniz Institute for zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Department Wildlife Diseases Berlin GermanyBrandenburg State Agency for Environment, Bird Conservation Centre Buckow GermanyDepartment of Biology Lund University Lund SwedenInstitute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna AustriaKonrad Lorenz Research Center, Core Facility for Behavior and Cognition University of Vienna Grünau im Almtal AustriaGobierno de Aragon Edificio San Pedro Nolasco Zaragoza SpainGREFA Madrid SpainDepartment of Ornithology Aranzadi Sciences Society San Sebastián SpainSwiss Ornithological Institute (SOI) Sempach SwitzerlandIndependent Researcher Madrid SpainCERM Endangered Raptors Centre Association Rocchette di Fazio ItalyDepartment of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld GermanyLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Gifhorn GermanyDepartment of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Brno Czech RepublicLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Uelzen GermanyMax Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Radolfzell am Bodensee GermanyGREFA Madrid SpainLPO France, Fonderies Royales Rochefort CS FranceTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaNaturschutzsyndikat Sicona Luxembourg LuxembourgAcción Por el Mundo Salvaje (AMUS) Villafranca SpainOchrana Dravcov Na Slovensku Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) Bratislava SlovakiaPro Vértes Természetvédelmi Közalapítvány HungaryDepartment of Biology Lund University Lund SwedenNatur&ëmwelt ASBL Kockelscheuer LuxembourgDepartment of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Brno Czech RepublicLPO AURA‐Loire Saint‐Étienne FranceMitteleuropäische Gesellschaft Zur Erhaltung der Greifvögel Deutschland (MEGEG DE) Fulda GermanyLEA LandesEnergieAgentur Hessen GmbH Wiesbaden GermanyOchrana Dravcov Na Slovensku Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) Bratislava SlovakiaDes op Záchranná Stanice živočichů Plzeň Plzeň Czech RepublicÖKOTOP–Büro für Angewandte Landschaftsökologie Halle (Saale) GermanyÖKOTOP–Büro für Angewandte Landschaftsökologie Halle (Saale) GermanyLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Bützow GermanyLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Březolupy Czech RepublicLPO Champagne‐Ardenne Ferme Des Grands Parts Outines FranceSEO/BirdLife Madrid SpainLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Planá nad LužnicíLužnicí Czech RepublicFörderverein Sächsische Vogelschutzwarte Neschwitz eV Neschwitz GermanyRotmilanzentrum Am Heineanum Halberstadt GermanyArabako Foru Aldundia–Diputación Foral de Álava Vitoria‐Gasteiz ES SpainDepartment of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld GermanyDirectora de Programas de Conservación Dirección General de Sostenibilidad de la Junta de Extremadura Mérida SpainDépartement Études Natagora Namur BelgiumOchrana Dravcov Na Slovensku Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) Bratislava SlovakiaLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Praha Czech RepublicLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant Weimar GermanyLIFE EUROKITE External Assistant GermanyANITRA System s.r.o. Praha Czech RepublicDepartment of Animal Behaviour Bielefeld University Bielefeld GermanyÖKOTOP–Büro für Angewandte Landschaftsökologie Halle (Saale) GermanyDeltamilieu Projecten Vlissingen the NetherlandsLPO AURA Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand FranceAsociación Hontza Salvatierra‐Agurain (Araba) SpainTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaDepartment of Behavioural Ecology Bielefeld University Bielefeld GermanyLPO France Direction Territoriale Aquitaine Avenue de la Gare Saint‐Jean‐pied‐de‐port FranceTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaRotmilanzentrum Am Heineanum Halberstadt GermanyTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaLPO Occitanie Palmas‐d’Aveyron Aveyron FranceFertő‐Hanság Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság Sarród HungaryLPO France, Fonderies Royales Rochefort CS FranceCzech Society for Ornithology Praha Czech RepublicNavarra Environmental Management (GAN‐NIK) Pamplona SpainDistrict of Lippe Lower Nature Conservation Authority Detmold GermanyTB Raab GmbH Deutsch‐Wagram AustriaABSTRACT Anthropogenic activities threaten many wildlife populations by increasing mortality rates, making it crucial to identify the locations and causes of mortality to inform conservation actions. Technological advancements, such as GPS satellite tracking, enable precise recording of wildlife movements. High‐resolution data from such devices can facilitate rapid carcass recovery and provide insights into the mortality causes of tagged individuals. Obtaining required information to determine these causes is complex, and standardized approaches can overcome these limitations. In this study, we introduce the LIFE EUROKITE Assessment Protocol (LEAP), a framework for determining the timing, locations, and causes of mortality in GPS‐tagged birds. LEAP is a multifaceted approach that integrates: (1) GPS tracking data, (2) evidence from the mortality location (site investigation), and (3) necropsy results to derive the mortality cause and a corresponding certainty score. We supplement the detailed description of LEAP with case studies assessing its effectiveness. Using 329 deceased GPS‐tagged red kites (Milvus milvus) we compared conditions of the carcasses processed using LEAP with 145 opportunistically collected raptor carcasses. We also show that LEAP improves carcass condition and therefore allows for higher quality necropsy results. Additionally, we assessed how availability among sources of information (tracking, site investigation and necropsy) influences the quality of mortality assessments. Applying LEAP with all data sources provided the highest quality assessments in 64% of cases. Some 35% of cases were of high quality without necropsy, instead drawing evidence only from tracking data and site investigations. Predation related mortality was less prevalent (11%) when relying on necropsy compared to cases without necropsy (36%), while poisoning showed the opposite trend. Furthermore, we provide guidelines and empirical examples of mortality assessments. Our standardized LEAP approach ensures the best use of all available information regarding mortality events in GPS‐tagged birds and advances wildlife mortality research as a valuable tool for conservationists and wildlife managers.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70975bird crimecause of deathGPS trackinghuman‐wildlife conflictpopulation monitoringsurvival analysis |
| spellingShingle | Connor T. Panter Carina Nebel Maximilian Raab Verena Strauss Clara Freytag Manuel Wojta Hannah Böing Patrick Hacker Rainhard Raab Jendrik Windt Annika Posautz Anna Kuebber‐Heiss Patrick Scherler Martin U. Grüebler Urs G. Kormann Martin Kolbe Alexandre Millon Javier de laPuente Javier Viñuela Duncan Orr‐Ewing Oliver Krone Torsten Langgemach Susanne Åkesson Brady Mattsson Petra Sumasgutner Manuel Alcántara de la Fuente Ernesto Alvarez Juan Arizaga Albert Bach Pagès Ana Bermejo Guido Ceccolini Nayden Chakarov Peter Derpmann‐Hagenström Marek Dostál Gerd Fabian Wolfgang Fiedler Manuel Galán Clément Ganier Andreas Gärtner Liza Glesener Alfonso Godino Zuzana Guziová László Haraszthy Caka Karlsson Katharina Klein Ivan Literák Nicolas Lorenzini Manuela Löwold Christopher Lüning Boris Maderič Karel Makoň Kerstin Mammen Ubbo Mammen Torsten Marczak Hynek Matušík Aymeric Mionnet Sara Morollón Jakub Mráz Winfried Nachtigall Bernd Nicolai Marta Olalde Fernández Meinolf Ottensmann María Jesús Palacios González Jean‐Yves Paquet Vladimír Pečeňák Lubomír Peške Thomas Pfeiffer Robert Pudwill Dušan Rak Tim Maximilian Rapp Alexander Resetaritz Stef vanRijn Romain Riols Arturo Rodríguez Luisa Scholze Laura Schulte Aurélie deSeynes Jan Škrábal Péter Spakovszky Eike Steinborn Ján Svetlík Samuel Talhoet Miklós Vaczi Anne‐Gaelle Verdier Zdenĕk Vermouzek Diego Villanúa Inglada Jörg Westphal Rainer Raab A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged Birds Ecology and Evolution bird crime cause of death GPS tracking human‐wildlife conflict population monitoring survival analysis |
| title | A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged Birds |
| title_full | A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged Birds |
| title_fullStr | A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged Birds |
| title_full_unstemmed | A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged Birds |
| title_short | A LEAP Forward in Wildlife Conservation: A Standardized Framework to Determine Mortality Causes in Large GPS‐Tagged Birds |
| title_sort | leap forward in wildlife conservation a standardized framework to determine mortality causes in large gps tagged birds |
| topic | bird crime cause of death GPS tracking human‐wildlife conflict population monitoring survival analysis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70975 |
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